Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of healthy controls, episodic migraine, and chronic migraine
| Healthy controls n= 42 | Episodic migraine n = 92 | Chronic migraine n = 93 | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | ||||
| Age in years | 44.6 ± 12.0 | 41.7 ± 10.6 | 45.1 ± 12.1 | 0.071 |
| Female, n (%) | 35 (83.3) | 73 (79.3) | 80 (86.0) | 0.485 |
| BMI, mean ± SD | 24.4 ± 4.5 | 24.0 ± 3.8 | 24.2 ± 4.1 | 0.990 |
| Ethnicity | 1.000 | |||
| Caucasian | 41 (97.6) | 91 (98.9) | 92 (98.9) | |
| Other | 1 (2.4) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | < 0.001* | |||
| Never (rarely) | 2 (4.8) | 33 (35.9) | 53 (57.0) | |
| < Monthly | 6 (14.3) | 18 (19.6) | 6 (6.5) | |
| Monthly | 14 (33.3) | 22 (23.9) | 19 (20.4) | |
| Weekly | 19 (45.2) | 18 (19.6) | 15 (16.1) | |
| Daily | 1 (2.4) | 1 (1.1) | 0 | |
| Tobacco consumption, n (%) | 0.329 | |||
| Never | 25 (59.5) | 68 (73.9) | 69 (74.2) | |
| Past | 13 (31.0) | 15 (16.3) | 16 (17.2) | |
| Current | 4 (9.5) | 9 (9.8) | 8 (8.6) | |
| Headache characteristics | ||||
| Migraine aura | - | 43 (46.7) | 45 (48.4) | - |
| Prophylactic use | - | 0 | 45 (48.4) | - |
| Total headache days | - | 7.3 ± 3.2 | 15.0 ± 7.5 | < 0.001* |
| Total migraine days | - | 6.2 ± 3.0 | 12.2 ± 6.7 | < 0.001* |
| Total acute medication days | - | 5.4 ± 2.9 | 8.6 ± 6.5 | < 0.001* |
| Days since last migraine attack | - | 5.6 ± 6.4 | 2.1 ± 3.1 | < 0.001* |
| Days since last headache day | - | 4.5 ± 5.5 | 1.7 ± 2.8 | < 0.001* |
BMI Body mass index, calculated as kg/m2 where kg is a person's weight in kilograms and m2 is their height in meters squared; SD Standard deviation
Continuous values are expressed as mean ± SD
ap-value for between-group difference, Chi2 test was used for categorical variables and Independent-Samples Kruskal–Wallis Test or Mann–Whitney Test for continuous variables
*p-value < 0.05