Table 2.
Univariate analysis of clinical covariates with postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI)
| Variables | Non-AKI (n = 46) | AKI (n = 53) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Surgical information | |||
| Surgical procedure (n (%)) | 0.747 | ||
| AVR + MVR + TVR (n (%)) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) | |
| AVR + MVR + TVP (n (%)) | 45 (97.8) | 49 (92.5) | |
| AVP + MVP + TVP (n (%)) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.8) | |
| AVR + MVR (n (%)) | 1(2.2) | 1 (1.9) | |
| Cardiac ablation (n (%)) | 13 (28.3) | 12 (22.6) | 0.421 |
| Length of surgery (min) | 241.9 ± 44.9 | 281.6 ± 74.4 | 0.002 |
| Intraoperative inotropic score | 5.0 (4.0, 5.0) | 5.0 (5.0, 8.0) | 0.002 |
| Intraoperative Fluid management | |||
| Crystalloid (ml) | 700 (700, 700) | 700 (700, 800) | 0.009 |
| Colloid (ml) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.367 |
| PRBC (ml) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.316 |
| Platelets (ml) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.352 |
| FFP (ml) | 0 (0, 340) | 195 (0, 393) | 0.279 |
| Cryoprecipitate (ml) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.185 |
| Homologous RBC (ml) | 500 (450, 700) | 500 (500, 775) | 0.379 |
| Urine output (ml) | 300 (200,550) | 375 (200, 500) | 0.638 |
| Blood loss (ml) | 400 (300, 450) | 400 (300, 500) | 0.150 |
| CPB course | |||
| Total CPB time (min) | 141 (120, 162) | 153 (120, 191) | 0.166 |
| Cross-clamp time (min) | 92.5 (74.0, 115.0) | 95.0 (71.0, 109.0) | 0.891 |
| Lowest Hb during CPB (g/dL) | 7.7 (7.0, 9.1) | 8.4 (7.4, 9.1) | 0.122 |
| Lowest MAP during CPB (mmHg) | 41.5 (34.0, 46.0) | 40.0 (36.0, 46.0) | 0.872 |
| Lowest temperature during CPB (℃) | 31.0 ± 0.7 | 30.9 ± 0.9 | 0.612 |
| Dopamine (mg) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.271 |
| Nonepinephrine (ug) | 0 (0, 20) | 0 (0, 25) | 0.678 |
| Epinephrine (ug) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.807 |
| Isoproterenol (ug) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.170 |
| Isosorbide (mg) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.522 |
| Aramine (mg) | 0 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 2) | 0.515 |
| Torasemide (mg) | 10 (0, 10) | 10 (10, 10) | 0.016 |
| Hydroprednisolone (mg) | 0 (0, 100) | 100 (0, 180) | 0.210 |
| PRBC (ml) | 0 (0, 260) | 0 (0, 240) | 0.940 |
| PRBC Storage duration (d) | 11 (9, 11) | 12 (9, 15) | 0.318 |
| FFP (ml) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.418 |
| Crystalloid (ml) | 1000 (1000, 1000) | 1000 (1000, 1000) | 0.693 |
| Colloid (ml) | 1000 (1000, 1000) | 1000 (1000, 1000) | 0.423 |
| Urine output (ml) | 800 (350, 1200) | 600 (300, 1000) | 0.156 |
| CCU | |||
| APACHE II score | 18 (18, 18) | 18(18 18) | 0.837 |
| Intubation time (h) | 22.3 (17.8, 25.0) | 26.5 (21.0, 45.1) | 0.0006 |
| Length of CCU stay (hours) | 46.1 (43.5, 68.5) | 68.0 (62.0, 90.0) | 0.006 |
| Readmitted to CCU (n (%)) | 0 ( 0.0) | 4 (7.6) | 0.121 |
| Furosemide (mg) | 20 (0, 40) | 20 (20, 40) | 0.056 |
| Hydrprednisone (mg) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.627 |
| Inotropic Score | 8 (5, 10) | 6.5 (3, 8) | 0.250 |
| Crystalloid (ml) | 2342.5 (2043.0, 2659.0) | 2639.0 (2324.0, 3121.0) | 0.021 |
| Colloid (ml) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.222 |
| Albumin (ml) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.333 |
| PRBC (ml) | 0 (0, 0) | 130 (0, 290) | 0.002 |
| PRBC Storage (d) | 13 (8, 14) | 12 (8, 15) | 1.000 |
| FFP (ml) | 400 (352.5, 772.5) | 700 (440, 960) | 0.058 |
| Urine output (ml) | 3370 (2730, 3880) | 3070 (2620, 3950) | 0.352 |
| Chest tube drainage (ml) | 445 (325, 600) | 350 (225,775) | 0.431 |
| Length of hospital stay (d) | 11 ± 5 | 11 ± 4 | 0.811 |
| Postoperative complications | |||
| Death (n (%)) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (7.5) | 0.164 |
| Reoperation (n (%)) | 2 (4.4) | 2 (3.8) | 1.000 |
| New AF or flutter (n (%)) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.8) | 0.284 |
| Stroke (n (%)) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Acute hepatic injury (n (%)) | 3 (6.5) | 18 (34.0) | 0.001 |
| Pulmonary events (n (%)) | |||
| Pulmonary infection (n (%)) | 19 (41.3) | 33 (62.3) | 0.037 |
| Atelectasis (n (%)) | 6 (13.0) | 20 (37.7) | 0.005 |
| Pleural effusion (n (%)) | 3 (6.5) | 10 (18.9) | 0.070 |
| Pneumothorax (n (%))? | 1 (2.2) | 1 (1.9) | 1.000 |
| Cardiac dysfunction (n (%)) | 5 (10.9) | 8 (15.1) | 0.535 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding (n (%)) | 2 (4.3) | 3 (5.7) | 1.000 |
| Respiratory failure (n (%)) | 5 (10.9) | 13 (23.5) | 0.079 |
| Thrombosis (n (%)) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.8) | 0.284 |
| Wound infection (n (%)) | 2 (4.4) | 3 (5.7) | 1.000 |
| MODS (n (%)) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (9.4) | 0.093 |
| Sepsis (n (%)) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) | 1.000 |
| Postoperative day 3 delirium | 4 (8.7) | 3 (5.7) | 0.846 |
AVR aortic valve replacement, MVR mitral valve replacement, AVP aortic valvoplasty, MVP mitral valvoplasty, TVP tricuspid valvoplasty, PRBC packed red blood cell, FFP fresh frozen plasma, CPB cardiopulmonary bypass, Hb hemoglobin, MAP Mean arterial pressure, CCU cardiac care unit, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, AFatrial fibrillation
Data are in mean (SD) or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and in count (n) and percentage (%) for binary variables