Table 4.
Water, sanitation, and hygiene characteristics of adolescents taking part in SAMIA trial, Zanzibar, 2022
| Overall (N= 2,479) | No anemia (n=1,158) | Mild anemia (n=757) | Moderate/severe anemia (n=564) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water Source (N=2471) | |||||
| Piped into house /bottled water | 1457(59) | 687(47.2) | 441(30.3) | 329(22.6) | 0.952 |
| Piped into neighborhood | 565(22.9) | 262(46.4) | 170(30.1) | 133(23.5) | |
| Well or surface water | 449(18.2) | 205(45.7) | 143(31.8) | 101(22.5) | |
| Household treats water (N=2464) | |||||
| No | 1870(75.9) | 867(46.4) | 570(30.5) | 433(23.2) | 0.628 |
| Yes | 594(24.1) | 286(48.1) | 181(30.5) | 127(21.4) | |
| Water Treatment method (N=2479) | |||||
| Boil | 319(12.9) | 139(43.6) | 104(32.6) | 76(23.8) | 0.312 |
| Add bleach/chlorine | 220(8.9) | 117(53.2) | 61(27.7) | 42(19.1) | |
| Do not treat water | 1885(76) | 872(46.3) | 576(30.6) | 437(23.2) | |
| Other, specify | 55(2.2) | 30(54.5) | 16(29.1) | 9(16.4) | |
| Toilet type(N=2476) | |||||
| Flush or pour flush toilet | 1666(67.3) | 790(47.4) | 517(31.0) | 359(21.5) | 0.111 |
| Pit toilet/latrine/no facility/bush/filed | 810(32.7) | 368(45.4) | 237(29.3) | 205(25.3) | |
| Shared toilet (N=2462) | |||||
| No | 2345 (95.2) | 1102 (47.0) | 722 (30.8) | 521 (22.2) | 0.056 |
| Yes | 117 (4.8) | 50 (42.7) | 30 (25.6) | 37 (31.6) | |
| Brushing teeth (N=2479) | |||||
| No | 19 (0.8) | 11 (57.9) | 4 (21.1) | 4 (21.1) | 0.672 |
| Once per day | 892 (36) | 417 (46.7) | 282 (31.6) | 193 (21.6) | |
| Twice or more per day | 1568 (63.3) | 730 (46.6) | 471 (30.0) | 367 (23.4) | |
| Dentist visits in the past year (N=2479) | |||||
| No | 2253 (90.9) | 1059 (47.0) | 681 (30.2) | 513 (22.8) | 0.54 |
| Yes | 226 (9.1) | 99 (43.8) | 76 (33.6) | 51 (22.6) | |
| Handwashing before eating(N=2479) | |||||
| Never/Rarely | 230(9.3) | 113 (49.1) | 76 (33.0) | 41 (17.8) | 0.247 |
| Sometimes | 318 (12.8) | 162 (50.9) | 84 (26.4) | 72 (22.6) | |
| Most of the time | 749 (30.2) | 340 (45.4) | 240 (32.0) | 169 (22.6) | |
| Always | 1182 (47.7) | 543 (45.9) | 357 (30.2) | 282 (23.9) | |
| Handwashing after toilet (N=2467) | |||||
| Never/Rarely | 415 (16.7) | 201 (48.4) | 129 (31.1) | 85 (20.5) | 0.269 |
| Sometimes | 472 (19) | 216 (45.8) | 160 (33.9) | 96 (20.3) | |
| Most of the time | 605 (24.4) | 293 (48.4) | 170 (28.1) | 142 (23.1) | |
| Always | 987 (39.8) | 448 (45.4) | 298 (30.2) | 241 (24.4) | |
| Handwashing method (N=2467) | |||||
| Proper | 1801(73) | 837 (46.5) | 558 (31.0) | 406 (22.5) | 0.864 |
| Improper | 666(27) | 313 (47.0) | 199 (29.9) | 154 (23.1) | |
Values are n(%). P-values derived from Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test if the cell count <5, Fisher's exact test performed. Data derived from food frequency questionnaire in which the reference period for consumption was the last 30 days. Proper handwashing was defined as using soap and water. Any other method (including only water) was considered improper