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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 19.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2022 May 24;23:29–52. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genom-120821-100535

Figure 5. Plasticity of ecDNA and HSR.

Figure 5

Aggregated ecDNA can re-combine into larger structures. Continued selection pressure that selects for amplification may lead to ecDNA formation, aggregation, and subsequent integration into a multi-copy HSR. HSRs also show plasticity and change length. Removal of selection or DNA damage leads to micronuclei formation and loss of ecDNA.