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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 19.
Published in final edited form as: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2021 Nov;51(11):CPG1–CPG60. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2021.0304

TABLE 1.

Levels of Evidence

I Evidence obtained from high-quality diagnostic studies, prospective studies, randomized controlled trials, or systematic reviews
II Evidence obtained from lesser-quality diagnostic studies, prospective studies, systematic reviews, or randomized controlled trials (eg, weaker diagnostic criteria and reference standards, improper randomization, no blinding, less than 80% follow-up)
III Case-control studies or retrospective studies
IV Case series
V Expert opinion