TABLE 2.
Seroprevalence rates of L. infantum infection in dogs in different countries with similar macroclimates.
| Country | Macroclimate (European Environment Agency, 2017) | Number of dogs | Type of dogs | Percentage of seroprevalence (serological test) (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | Mediterranean and alpine | 602 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 5.1 (IFI) | Hamel et al. (2016) |
| 308 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 3.2 (ELISA) | Myrseli et al. (2016) | ||
| Algeria | Mediterranean and desertic | 4812 | Symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs | 21.2 (ELISA, IFI, DAT, rapid test) | Touhami et al. (2023) |
| 227 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 35.7 (IFI, rapid test) | Medkour et al. (2020) | ||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Mediterranean, continental and alpine | 180 | No data | 16.7 (IFI) | Colella et al. (2019) |
| 172 | No data | 11 (ELISA) | Miró et al. (2022) | ||
| Croatia | Mediterranean and alpine | 200 | Asymptomatic dogs | 8 (IFI) | Zivicnjak et al. (2007) |
| 1761 | No data | 7 (ELISA) | Miró et al. (2022) | ||
| 435 | Apparently healthy dogs | 1.4 (rapid test) | Mrljak et al. (2017) | ||
| Cyprus | Mediterranean | 278 | Symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs | 1.1 (IFI) | Beyhan et al. (2016) |
| 281 | Symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs | 3.6 (IFI) | Çanakçı et al. (2016) | ||
| Egypt | Mediterranean and desertic | 450 | Asymptomatic dogs | 21.3 (ELISA) | Selim et al. (2021) |
| France | Mediterranean, Atlantic, continental and alpine | 80 | Symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs | 6.2 (IFI) | Davoust et al. (2013) |
| 5307 | No data | 8.7 (ELISA) | Miró et al. (2022) | ||
| Greece | Mediterranean | 2620 | Asymptomatic dogs | 20 (ELISA, IFI) | Athanasiou et al. (2012) |
| 9568 | No data | 18.5 (ELISA) | Miró et al. (2022) | ||
| Iran | Alpine, anatolian and steppic | 508 | Asymptomatic dogs | 23.4 (DAT) | Barati et al. (2015) |
| 384 | Symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs | 17.4 (DAT) | Moshfe et al. (2008) | ||
| Israel | Mediterranean and desertic | 60 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 37 (ELISA) | Baneth et al. (2020) |
| Italy | Mediterranean and continental | 90,532 | No data | 11.9 (ELISA) | Miró et al. (2022) |
| 13,292 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 6.7 (IFI) | Rombolà et al. (2021) | ||
| Kosovo | Mediterranean, continental and alpine | 125 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 18.4 (ELISA) | Xhekaj et al. (2020) |
| 285 | Asymptomatic dogs | 4.2 (ELISA) | Xhekaj et al. (2023) | ||
| Malta | Mediterranean | 289 | No data | 15.9 (ELISA) | Miró et al. (2022) |
| Montenegro | Mediterranean and alpine | 1500 | Dogs with suspected leishmaniosis | 83 (IFI) | Andric et al. (2013) |
| Morocco | Mediterranean and desertic | 1514 | No data | 15.8 (rapid test) | El Berbri et al. (2020) |
| 3900 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 14.9 (ELISA, IFI, rapid test | El‐Mouhdi et al. (2022) | ||
| Portugal | Mediterranean and Atlantic | 1860 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 12.5 (DAT) | Almeida et al. (2022) |
| 1329 | No data | 13.8 (ELISA) | Miró et al. (2022) | ||
| Slovenia | Mediterranean, continental and alpine | 80 | Asymptomatic dogs | 3.7 (ELISA) | Dumitrache et al. (2016) |
| 465 | Asymptomatic dogs | 1.9 (ELISA) | Kotnik et al. (2021) | ||
| Spain | Mediterranean and Atlantic | 556 | Dogs with and without clinical signs suggestive of vector‐borne diseases | 9 (rapid test) | Díaz‐Regañón et al. (2020) |
| 1076 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 8.1 (IFI) | Gálvez et al. (2010) | ||
| 1739 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 10.1 (IFI) | Gálvez et al. (2020) | ||
| 439 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 13 (IFI) | Martín‐Sánchez et al. (2009) | ||
| 1100 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 15.7 (rapid test) | Miró et al. (2013) | ||
| 98,737 | No data | 10.7 (ELISA) | Miró et al. (2022) | ||
| 4643 | No data | 10.4 (rapid test) | Montoya‐Alonso et al. (2020) | ||
| 466 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 30 (ELISA) | Solano‐Gallego et al. (2006) | ||
| Tunisia | Mediterranean and desertic | 317 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 58.3 (IFI) | Bouattour et al. (2021) |
| Turkey | Mediterranean, black sea and anatolian | 490 | Dogs with and without clinical signs | 5.3 (IFI, DAT) | Ozbel et al. (2000) |
Abbreviations: DAT, direct agglutination test; ELISA, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; IFI, indirect immunofluorescence assay.