Fig. 3. Hydrogen bonding interactions of His and Fmoc–F–F destroy π–π stacking of F–F peptides and secondary structure.

a XPS of Fmoc–F–F (His) and Fmoc–F–F. b C 1s peak of Fmoc–F–F (His) from XPS. c ¹H solid nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of Fmoc–F–F (His) and Fmoc–F–F. d Percentage of secondary structure (Fmoc–F–F (His)) of amide I region (1600 cm⁻¹ to 1700 cm⁻¹) characterized by FTIR. e Possible interactions in the process of co-assembly between Fmoc–F–F and His. Representative images are shown. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.