Table 4.
Prevalence of mixed lipid abnormalities and their association with the study population characteristics.
| Variable | Category | High LDL-C alone | High LDL-C and high TG | High LDL-C and low HDL-C | High LDL-C and TG and low HDL-C | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence percent. (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Prevalence percent. (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Prevalence percent. (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Prevalence percent. (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||
| Sex | Women | 3.59 (3.08,4.1) | 1 | 1 | 1.33 (1.03,1.62) | 1 | 1 | 4.85 (4.22,5.49) | 1 | 1 | 7.38 (6.55,8.22) | 1 | 1 |
| Men | 3.93 (3.39,4.47) | 1.10 (0.90,1.3) | 1.05 (0.84,1.30) | 2.50 (1.95,3.04) | 1.90 (1.39,2.61) | 1.78 (1.31,2.42) | 2.40 (1.92,2.88) | 0.48 (0.38,0.62) | 0.50 (0.38,0.64) | 6.52 (5.66,7.38) | 0.87 (0.73,1.05) | 0.88 (0.73,1.06) | |
| Age | 25–39 | 1.79 (1.37,2.21) | 1 | 1 | 0.95 (0.63,1.27) | 1 | 1 | 2.31 (1.63,2.99) | 1 | 1 | 4.38 (3.55,5.20) | 1 | 1 |
| 40–54 | 4.16 (3.52,4.80) | 2.38 (1.78,3.18) | 2.39 (1.77,3.21) | 2.11 (1.61,2.60) | 2.24 (1.48,3.40) | 2.19 (1.44,3.33) | 4.41 (3.72,5.09) | 1.95 (1.38,2.74) | 1.86 (1.30,2.66) | 7.76 (6.81,8.71) | 1.84 (1.45,2.33) | 1.81 (1.41,2.32) | |
| 55–64 | 5.55 (4.35,6.75) | 3.22 (2.31,4.49) | 3.21 (2.29,4.50) | 2.74 (2.04,3.43) | 2.94 (1.91,4.51) | 2.75 (1.78,4.24) | 4.75 (3.64,5.86) | 2.11 (1.43,3.11) | 2.17 (1.45,3.26) | 9.32 (7.99,10.64) | 2.24 (1.75,2.89) | 2.21 (1.70,2.87) | |
| > 65 | 4.89 (3.89,5.88) | 2.82 (2.04,3.89) | 2.72 (1.94,3.82) | 2.15 (1.02,3.29) | 2.30 (1.22,4.34) | 2.20 (1.14,4.26) | 4.33 (3.27,5.39) | 1.91 (1.29,2.84) | 1.87 (1.21,2.88) | 8.24 (5.93,10.55) | 1.96 (1.36,2.82) | 2.05 (1.42,2.95) | |
| Area | Rural | 4.35 (3.73,4.96) | 1 | 1 | 1.67 (1.28,2.06) | 1 | 1 | 3.72 (3.15,4.28) | 1 | 1 | 7.45 (6.61,8.29) | 1 | 1 |
| Urban | 3.54 (3.09,3.99) | 0.81 (0.66,0.98) | 0.75 (0.61,0.92) | 1.90 (1.54,2.27) | 1.14 (0.84,1.55) | 1.03 (0.76,1.39) | 3.78 (3.27,4.30) | 1.02 (0.82,1.26) | 1.06 (0.82,1.37) | 6.85 (6.11,7.60) | 0.91 (0.77,1.08) | 0.89 (0.73,1.08) | |
| Wealth index | Poor | 3.77 (3.03,4.52) | 1 | 1 | 1.67 (1.21,2.14) | 1 | 1 | 4.92 (3.63,6.21) | 1 | 1 | 6.70 (4.95,8.46) | 1 | 1 |
| 2nd quintile | 3.55 (2.80,4.30) | 0.94 (0.69,1.27) | 0.94 (0.70,1.28) | 1.81 (1.18,2.44) | 1.08 (0.69,1.70) | 1.08 (0.69,1.70) | 3.26 (2.50,4.01) | 0.65 (0.45,0.94) | 0.65 (0.45,0.94) | 6.00 (5.03,6.96) | 0.89 (0.64,1.23) | 0.89 (0.65,1.23) | |
| Middle | 3.75 (2.93,4.58) | 0.99 (0.73,1.35) | 1.02 (0.75,1.40) | 1.71 (1.20,2.23) | 1.02 (0.67,1.55) | 0.99 (0.65,1.52) | 3.42 (2.75,4.10) | 0.68 (0.49,0.96) | 0.73 (0.51,1.03) | 6.87 (5.57,8.16) | 1.03 (0.73,1.45) | 1.06 (0.76,1.48) | |
| 4th quintile | 3.62 (2.89,4.35) | 0.96 (0.71,1.28) | 0.99 (0.73,1.33) | 2.18 (1.58,2.79) | 1.31 (0.88,1.96) | 1.28 (0.85,1.94) | 2.91 (2.20,3.62) | 0.58 (0.40,0.84) | 0.61 (0.41,0.91) | 7.28 (6.16,8.39) | 1.09 (0.79,1.51) | 1.14 (0.84,1.54) | |
| Rich | 4.16 (3.03,5.29) | 1.11 (0.78,1.57) | 1.13 (0.80,1.60) | 2.18 (1.17,3.18) | 1.31 (0.75,2.27) | 1.25 (0.68,2.28) | 3.81 (2.75,4.87) | 0.77 (0.51,1.14) | 0.81 (0.54,1.22) | 7.79 (6.16,9.41) | 1.17 (0.82,1.68) | 1.22 (0.87,1.70) | |
| BMI category | Underweight | 4.48 (2.44,6.52) | 1 | 1 | 0.77 (− 0.02,1.56) | 1 | 1 | 3.14 (1.13,5.15) | 1 | 1 | 0.42 (− 0.02,0.86) | 1 | 1 |
| Normal weight | 4.28 (3.58,4.98) | 0.95 (0.57,1.58) | 0.81 (0.49,1.35) | 2.05 (1.36,2.73) | 2.69 (0.91,7.97) | 2.42 (0.82,7.12) | 3.60 (2.87,4.32) | 1.15 (0.58,2.31) | 1.34 (0.61,2.95) | 4.53 (3.69,5.36) | 11.29 (3.86,33.02) | 10.19 (3.47,29.90) | |
| Overweight | 4.11 (3.46,4.76) | 0.91 (0.55,1.51) | 0.72 (0.43,1.19) | 2.02 (1.60,2.45) | 2.66 (0.93,7.61) | 2.30 (0.80,6.62) | 3.79 (3.07,4.51) | 1.22 (0.61,2.43) | 1.32 (0.59,2.9) | 7.40 (6.52,8.28) | 19.02 (6.56,55.10) | 15.93 (5.47,46.41) | |
| Obese | 2.55 (2.00,3.11) | 0.56 (0.33,0.94) | 0.41 (0.23,0.71) | 1.48 (1.07,1.90) | 1.94 (0.67,5.65) | 1.74 (0.59,5.15) | 3.99 (3.28,4.71) | 1.28 (0.65,2.55) | 1.16 (0.52,2.57) | 9.46 (7.98,10.94) | 24.88 (8.53,72.52) | 20.14 (6.79,59.75) | |
| Fruit and vegetable consumption | Inappropriate | 3.73 (3.36,4.10) | 1 | 1 | 2.19 (1.21,3.18) | 1 | 1 | 2.86 (1.76,3.97) | 1 | 1 | 7.65 (5.56,9.75) | 1 | 1 |
| Appropriate | 4.02 (2.01,6.03) | 1.08 (0.63,1.84) | 1.11 (0.66,1.87) | 1.83 (1.52,2.13) | 1.21 (0.74,1.97) | 1.22 (0.73,2.05) | 3.83 (3.40,4.27) | 0.74 (0.49,1.12) | 0.73 (0.47,1.14) | 6.95 (6.32,7.57) | 1.11 (0.81,1.52) | 0.96 (0.68,1.34) | |
| Physical activity | Appropriate | 3.95 (3.35,4.55) | 1 | 1 | 2.07 (1.55,2.58) | 1 | 1 | 3.81 (3.21,4.42) | 1 | 1 | 6.23 (5.49,6.97) | 1 | 1 |
| Inappropriate | 3.26 (2.77,3.74) | 0.82 (0.66,1.02) | 0.78 (0.62,0.99) | 1.60 (1.24,1.95) | 0.77 (0.55,1.08) | 0.84 (0.59,1.19) | 4.02 (3.37,4.67) | 1.06 (0.83,1.34) | 0.91 (0.70,1.18) | 8.02 (6.98,9.06) | 1.31 (1.09,1.59) | 1.26 (1.04,1.54) | |
| Smoking | No | 3.89 (3.48,4.30) | 1 | 1 | 1.85 (1.53,2.18) | 1 | 1 | 3.84 (3.39,4.30) | 1 | 1 | 6.94 (6.3,7.59) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 2.87 (2.03,3.70) | 0.73 (0.53,1.00) | 0.71 (0.51,0.99) | 1.68 (1.07,2.30) | 0.91 (0.60,1.37) | 0.72 (0.47,1.09) | 3.33 (2.32,4.34) | 0.86 (0.62,1.20) | 1.20 (0.84,1.71) | 7.23 (5.60,8.85) | 1.04 (0.80,1.36) | 1.18 (0.90,1.54) | |
| Diabetes | No | 4.09 (3.67,4.51) | 1 | 1 | 1.77 (1.46,2.08) | 1 | 1 | 4.09 (3.62,4.56) | 1 | 1 | 6.71 (6.06,7.37) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.63 (1.02,2.24) | 0.39 (0.26,0.57) | 0.28 (0.18,0.43) | 2.15 (1.36,2.95) | 1.22 (0.80,1.86) | 0.94 (0.59,1.50) | 1.85 (1.27,2.42) | 0.44 (0.31,0.62) | 0.35 (0.24,0.50) | 8.79 (7.27,10.32) | 1.34 (1.08,1.66) | 1.04 (0.82,1.33) | |
| Hypertension | No | 3.73 (3.27,4.20) | 1 | 1 | 1.66 (1.28,2.03) | 1 | 1 | 3.72 (3.17,4.26) | 1 | 1 | 5.71 (5.08,6.34) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 3.79 (3.17,4.40) | 1.01 (0.82,1.25) | 0.70 (0.55,0.90) | 2.15 (1.70,2.60) | 1.30 (0.95,1.79) | 1.03 (0.68,1.54) | 3.87 (3.25,4.48) | 1.04 (0.83,1.30) | 0.71 (0.54,0.92) | 9.23 (8.00,10.45) | 1.68 (1.39,2.02) | 1.44 (1.13,1.84) | |
| History of coronary heart disease | No | 3.83 (3.45,4.22) | 1 | 1 | 1.89 (1.58,2.20) | 1 | 1 | 3.85 (3.41,4.29) | 1 | 1 | 7.08 (6.44,7.71) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 2.72 (1.37,4.07) | 0.70 (0.42,1.18) | 0.52 (0.30,0.89) | 1.11 (0.47,1.75) | 0.58 (0.32,1.07) | 0.41 (0.22,0.79) | 2.67 (1.70,3.64) | 0.68 (0.46,1.01) | 0.57 (0.38,0.87) | 5.86 (4.25,7.48) | 0.82 (0.60,1.11) | 0.63 (0.45,0.89) | |
| History of stroke | No | 3.75 (3.37,4.12) | 1 | 1 | 1.84 (1.55,2.13) | 1 | 1 | 3.73 (3.32,4.14) | 1 | 1 | 6.99 (6.39,7.6) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 3.84 (1.61,6.06) | 1.02 (0.56,1.89) | 0.73 (0.38,1.39) | 1.3 (− 0.06,2.65) | 0.70 (0.24,2.05) | 0.53 (0.18,1.58) | 5.71 (0.63,10.79) | 1.56 (0.60,4.04) | 1.51 (0.56,4.06) | 6.17 (2.89,9.45) | 0.87 (0.49,1.55) | 0.77 (0.42,1.38) | |
| Familial history of CVD | No | 3.78 (3.37,4.18) | 1 | 1 | 1.85 (1.52,2.17) | 1 | 1 | 3.7 (3.25,4.15) | 1 | 1 | 6.79 (6.15,7.44) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 3.54 (2.56,4.51) | 0.93 (0.69,1.27) | 0.92 (0.67,1.27) | 1.62 (0.97,2.26) | 0.87 (0.56,1.36) | 0.83 (0.52,1.32) | 4.25 (3.08,5.41) | 1.15 (0.84,1.58) | 1.13 (0.81,1.56) | 8.01 (6.21,9.81) | 1.19 (0.92,1.56) | 1.14 (0.86,1.50) | |