Table 3.
Results of the logistic regression modeling of cognitive impairment according to quintiles of nutrient intake in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study cohort: odds ratios and P values (n=3029 participants). Results are shown in comparison to quintile 1 (reference).
| Modified mini-mental* | Composite* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrient | Q4 vs Q1 | Q5 vs Q1 | Q4 vs Q1 | Q5 vs Q1 |
| Vitamin A IU | 0.46 (0.25,0.84) | 0.40 (0.22,0.74) | 0.66 (0.44,0.98) | 0.64 (0.43,0.96) |
| 0.0112 | 0.0038 | 0.0418 | 0.0314 | |
| Retinol | 1.08 (0.59,1.99) | 1.00 (0.54,1.85) | 0.87 (0.59,1.28) | 0.85 (0.58,1.27) |
| 0.8025 | 0.9921 | 0.4732 | 0.4330 | |
| Vitamin D | 2.17 (1.14,4.10) | 1.46 (0.75,2.84) | 1.39 (0.93,2.09) | 1.18 (0.78,1.78) |
| 0.0177 | 0.2676 | 0.1106 | 0.4253 | |
| Vitamin E | 1.01 (0.58,1.75) | 0.70 (0.39,1.26) | 0.82 (0.56,1.20) | 0.91 (0.63,1.33) |
| 0.9727 | 0.2353 | 0.3081 | 0.6383 | |
| Vitamin C | 0.73 (0.41,1.27) | 0.56 (0.31,1.02) | 0.57 (0.39,0.83) | 0.49 (0.33,0.73) |
| 0.2633 | 0.0578 | 0.0038 | 0.0005 | |
| Thiamine | 1.04 (0.56,1.94) | 0.89 (0.47,1.71) | 1.04 (0.70,1.54) | 0.80 (0.53,1.21) |
| 0.9018 | 0.7369 | 0.8374 | 0.2849 | |
| Riboflavin | 0.63 (0.35,1.12) | 0.75 (0.42,1.33) | 0.82 (0.56,1.20) | 0.91 (0.62,1.34) |
| 0.1172 | 0.3223 | 0.3108 | 0.6247 | |
| Niacin | 0.75 (0.43,1.30) | 0.49 (0.27,0.91) | 0.92 (0.62,1.37) | 0.87 (0.58,1.30) |
| 0.3106 | 0.0231 | 0.6755 | 0.4913 | |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.67 (0.36,1.25) | 0.52 (0.27,1.00) | 0.94 (0.62,1.44) | 0.89 (0.58,1.36) |
| 0.2090 | 0.0493 | 0.7817 | 0.5969 | |
| Folate | 0.77 (0.43,1.37) | 0.48 (0.25,0.91) | 0.77 (0.52,1.14) | 0.70 (0.46,1.05) |
| 0.3765 | 0.0239 | 0.1957 | 0.0816 | |
| Vitamin B12 | 0.71 (0.41,1.24) | 0.58 (0.32,1.05) | 0.87 (0.59,1.28) | 0.86 (0.58,1.27) |
| 0.2261 | 0.0730 | 0.4862 | 0.4546 | |
| Beta-Carotene | 0.55 (0.32,0.96) | 0.30 (0.16,0.57) | 0.51 (0.34,0.76) | 0.52 (0.35,0.78) |
| 0.0350 | 0.0002 | 0.0010 | 0.0013 | |
| Beta-Carotene Equivalents | 0.53 (0.30,0.92) | 0.37 (0.21,0.68) | 0.52 (0.35,0.78) | 0.56 (0.37,0.83) |
| 0.0235 | 0.0012 | 0.0015 | 0.0037 | |
| Alpha-Carotene | 0.72 (0.41,1.27) | 0.50 (0.27,0.92) | 0.88 (0.59,1.30) | 0.74 (0.49,1.11) |
| 0.2573 | 0.0250 | 0.5110 | 0.1442 | |
| Beta-Cryptoxanthin | 0.94 (0.52,1.71) | 0.95 (0.52,1.73) | 0.71 (0.48,1.05) | 0.70 (0.47,1.04) |
| 0.8436 | 0.8635 | 0.0867 | 0.0768 | |
| Lutein and Zeaxanthin | 0.59 (0.32,1.10) | 0.59 (0.32,1.08) | 0.48 (0.31,0.73) | 0.68 (0.46,1.00) |
| 0.0989 | 0.0891 | 0.0006 | 0.0520 | |
| Lycopene | 0.76 (0.44,1.32) | 0.40 (0.21,0.75) | 0.80 (0.55,1.16) | 0.53 (0.35,0.79) |
| 0.3314 | 0.0041 | 0.2412 | 0.0018 | |
| Calcium | 1.22 (0.68,2.19) | 0.77 (0.42,1.44) | 0.99 (0.67,1.45) | 0.66 (0.44,0.98) |
| 0.4966 | 0.4168 | 0.9582 | 0.0417 | |
| Magnesium | 0.65 (0.36,1.17) | 0.62 (0.34,1.12) | 0.50 (0.33,0.76) | 0.55 (0.36,0.82) |
| 0.1510 | 0.1105 | 0.0012 | 0.0037 | |
| Iron | 0.75 (0.40,1.41) | 0.70 (0.37,1.33) | 1.01 (0.67,1.51) | 0.94 (0.63,1.42) |
| 0.3783 | 0.2729 | 0.9668 | 0.7812 | |
| Zinc | 0.71 (0.40,1.24) | 0.54 (0.29,0.98) | 0.81 (0.55,1.18) | 0.69 (0.46,1.02) |
| 0.2269 | 0.0443 | 0.2721 | 0.0653 | |
| Copper | 0.47 (0.27,0.83) | 0.28 (0.14,0.53) | 0.50 (0.33,0.76) | 0.51 (0.33,0.77) |
| 0.0088 | 0.0001 | 0.0012 | 0.0016 | |
| Selenium | 0.90 (0.50,1.62) | 0.74 (0.40,1.37) | 0.95 (0.64,1.41) | 0.90 (0.60,1.35) |
| 0.7209 | 0.3417 | 0.7834 | 0.6200 | |
| Cholesterol | 0.63 (0.35,1.13) | 0.81 (0.46,1.43) | 0.77 (0.52,1.16) | 1.18 (0.80,1.73) |
| 0.1197 | 0.4757 | 0.2105 | 0.3994 | |
| Saturated Fat | 2.03 (1.10,3.76) | 1.86 (0.98,3.54) | 1.56 (1.04,2.33) | 1.46 (0.96,2.23) |
| 0.0239 | 0.0586 | 0.0312 | 0.0759 | |
| Monounsaturated Fat | 2.02 (1.07,3.83) | 2.05 (1.06,3.96) | 1.62 (1.07,2.46) | 2.28 (1.51,3.44) |
| 0.0309 | 0.0333 | 0.0215 | <.0001 | |
| Oleic | 1.74 (0.92,3.30) | 2.13 (1.12,4.05) | 1.59 (1.06,2.39) | 2.09 (1.39,3.14) |
| 0.0880 | 0.0206 | 0.0263 | 0.0004 | |
| Linoleic | 0.92 (0.51,1.65) | 0.92 (0.52,1.63) | 1.03 (0.68,1.56) | 1.26 (0.85,1.88) |
| 0.7776 | 0.7689 | 0.8800 | 0.2454 | |
| Alpha-Linolenic | 0.60 (0.33,1.11) | 0.55 (0.30,1.01) | 0.65 (0.43,0.98) | 0.67 (0.44,1.00) |
| 0.1017 | 0.0552 | 0.0410 | 0.0480 | |
| Arachidonic | 0.63 (0.34,1.18) | 0.80 (0.44,1.45) | 1.10 (0.74,1.63) | 1.10 (0.74,1.64) |
| 0.1504 | 0.4691 | 0.6335 | 0.6291 | |
| EPA | 0.52 (0.29,0.91) | 0.40 (0.22,0.73) | 0.46 (0.31,0.69) | 0.41 (0.28,0.61) |
| 0.0220 | 0.0028 | 0.0001 | <.0001 | |
| DHA | 0.36 (0.20,0.66) | 0.35 (0.19,0.62) | 0.60 (0.41,0.88) | 0.47 (0.32,0.70) |
| 0.0009 | 0.0003 | 0.0085 | 0.0002 | |
| EPA+DHA | 0.49 (0.27,0.89) | 0.41 (0.22,0.74) | 0.67 (0.46,0.97) | 0.41 (0.27,0.62) |
| 0.0182 | 0.0034 | 0.0346 | <.0001 | |
| Galactose | 0.69 (0.41,1.17) | 0.40 (0.22,0.73) | 0.54 (0.37,0.80) | 0.44 (0.30,0.66) |
| 0.1643 | 0.0029 | 0.0018 | <.0001 | |
| Lactose | 1.15 (0.66,2.02) | 0.80 (0.44,1.44) | 1.08 (0.73,1.59) | 0.75 (0.50,1.13) |
| 0.6195 | 0.4553 | 0.6916 | 0.1690 | |
| Alcohol | 0.77 (0.39,1.54) | 0.67 (0.32,1.38) | 0.82 (0.53,1.25) | 0.47 (0.29,0.76) |
| 0.4610 | 0.2752 | 0.3526 | 0.0022 | |
| Soluble Dietary Fiber | 0.71 (0.40,1.29) | 0.46 (0.24,0.88) | 0.80 (0.54,1.20) | 0.55 (0.36,0.85) |
| 0.2619 | 0.0194 | 0.2804 | 0.0073 | |
| Insoluble Dietary Fiber | 0.70 (0.40,1.22) | 0.30 (0.15,0.60) | 0.60 (0.40,0.89) | 0.51 (0.34,0.78) |
| 0.2055 | 0.0006 | 0.0123 | 0.0017 | |
*
Results adjusted for baseline age, sex, race, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, baseline depression score (CES-D ≥16 or not), and total calorie intake.