Table 4.
Results of the logistic regression modeling of cognitive impairment according to quintiles of nutrient intake in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 cohort: odds ratios and P values. Results are shown in comparison to quintile 1 (reference).
| TICS (n=3305 participants)* |
Composite (n=2887 participants)* |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrient | Q4 vs Q1 | Q5 vs Q1 | Q4 vs Q1 | Q5 vs Q1 |
| Vitamin A IU | 0.80 (0.63,1.01) | 0.76 (0.60,0.95) | 0.57 (0.41,0.80) | 0.55 (0.39,0.77) |
| 0.0561 | 0.0171 | 0.0012 | 0.0006 | |
| Vitamin A RAE | 0.96 (0.76,1.21) | 0.99 (0.79,1.24) | 0.71 (0.52,0.99) | 0.74 (0.53,1.04) |
| 0.7131 | 0.9138 | 0.0425 | 0.0799 | |
| Retinol | 1.23 (0.97,1.56) | 1.65 (1.31,2.09) | 0.93 (0.65,1.31) | 1.41 (1.01,1.98) |
| 0.0842 | <.0001 | 0.6664 | 0.0467 | |
| Vitamin D | 0.84 (0.67,1.04) | 0.72 (0.58,0.90) | 0.63 (0.46,0.87) | 0.55 (0.39,0.76) |
| 0.1138 | 0.0045 | 0.0041 | 0.0004 | |
| Vitamin E | 0.56 (0.45,0.70) | 0.46 (0.37,0.58) | 0.49 (0.36,0.68) | 0.33 (0.23,0.47) |
| <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
| Vitamin C | 0.73 (0.58,0.91) | 0.83 (0.66,1.04) | 0.56 (0.40,0.79) | 0.68 (0.49,0.94) |
| 0.0052 | 0.1139 | 0.0008 | 0.0211 | |
| Thiamine | 0.83 (0.67,1.04) | 0.96 (0.77,1.21) | 1.06 (0.76,1.47) | 1.05 (0.75,1.46) |
| 0.1148 | 0.7512 | 0.7403 | 0.7945 | |
| Riboflavin | 0.92 (0.74,1.16) | 1.13 (0.90,1.42) | 0.88 (0.64,1.22) | 1.02 (0.72,1.44) |
| 0.4825 | 0.3002 | 0.4459 | 0.9290 | |
| Niacin | 0.84 (0.67,1.05) | 0.84 (0.67,1.06) | 1.01 (0.74,1.38) | 0.77 (0.54,1.08) |
| 0.1336 | 0.1524 | 0.9634 | 0.1257 | |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.76 (0.61,0.94) | 0.93 (0.75,1.17) | 0.66 (0.48,0.91) | 0.80 (0.58,1.11) |
| 0.0131 | 0.5407 | 0.0115 | 0.1840 | |
| Folate | 0.65 (0.52,0.81) | 0.84 (0.67,1.05) | 0.68 (0.49,0.94) | 0.78 (0.56,1.10) |
| 0.0002 | 0.1328 | 0.0210 | 0.1627 | |
| Natural Food Folate | 0.66 (0.53,0.82) | 0.60 (0.48,0.76) | 0.69 (0.51,0.94) | 0.40 (0.28,0.56) |
| 0.0002 | <.0001 | 0.0186 | <.0001 | |
| Folic Acid | 0.72 (0.58,0.91) | 0.87 (0.70,1.10) | 0.59 (0.42,0.83) | 0.79 (0.57,1.10) |
| 0.0061 | 0.2421 | 0.0027 | 0.1684 | |
| Vitamin B12 | 0.93 (0.74,1.16) | 1.21 (0.96,1.53) | 0.65 (0.47,0.91) | 0.93 (0.67,1.29) |
| 0.5063 | 0.1059 | 0.0110 | 0.6611 | |
| Beta-Carotene | 0.64 (0.51,0.81) | 0.65 (0.52,0.82) | 0.50 (0.36,0.70) | 0.47 (0.33,0.65) |
| 0.0002 | 0.0002 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
| Alpha-Carotene | 0.84 (0.67,1.06) | 0.90 (0.72,1.13) | 0.53 (0.38,0.75) | 0.69 (0.51,0.95) |
| 0.1444 | 0.3748 | 0.0003 | 0.0228 | |
| Beta-Cryptoxanthin | 0.97 (0.76,1.22) | 1.17 (0.93,1.47) | 0.89 (0.64,1.26) | 1.06 (0.76,1.48) |
| 0.7696 | 0.1778 | 0.5188 | 0.7448 | |
| Lutein+Zeaxanthin | 0.67 (0.54,0.85) | 0.57 (0.45,0.72) | 0.72 (0.53,0.99) | 0.31 (0.22,0.45) |
| 0.0007 | <.0001 | 0.0440 | <.0001 | |
| Lycopene | 0.74 (0.59,0.92) | 0.64 (0.51,0.80) | 0.58 (0.42,0.81) | 0.61 (0.44,0.84) |
| 0.0059 | <.0001 | 0.0010 | 0.0025 | |
| Calcium | 0.82 (0.66,1.03) | 0.97 (0.77,1.22) | 0.63 (0.45,0.88) | 0.70 (0.51,0.98) |
| 0.0887 | 0.8119 | 0.0059 | 0.0362 | |
| Magnesium | 0.57 (0.45,0.71) | 0.59 (0.47,0.75) | 0.62 (0.45,0.85) | 0.47 (0.33,0.65) |
| <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.0036 | <.0001 | |
| Iron | 0.95 (0.76,1.18) | 0.90 (0.72,1.12) | 1.02 (0.73,1.41) | 1.07 (0.77,1.49) |
| 0.6271 | 0.3428 | 0.9211 | 0.6926 | |
| Zinc | 0.87 (0.69,1.08) | 0.87 (0.69,1.09) | 0.81 (0.59,1.11) | 0.69 (0.49,0.96) |
| 0.2087 | 0.2200 | 0.1915 | 0.0270 | |
| Copper | 0.88 (0.70,1.10) | 0.91 (0.73,1.15) | 0.77 (0.55,1.07) | 0.80 (0.57,1.12) |
| 0.2502 | 0.4362 | 0.1168 | 0.1900 | |
| Selenium | 0.91 (0.68,1.22) | 0.70 (0.59,0.81) | 0.85 (0.54,1.33) | 0.72 (0.58,0.91) |
| 0.5165 | <.0001 | 0.4679 | 0.0047 | |
| Cholesterol | 1.05 (0.84,1.32) | 1.03 (0.81,1.30) | 1.26 (0.91,1.74) | 0.89 (0.62,1.27) |
| 0.6671 | 0.8277 | 0.1680 | 0.5173 | |
| Saturated Fat | 1.19 (0.95,1.49) | 1.22 (0.97,1.53) | 1.15 (0.83,1.60) | 1.26 (0.91,1.75) |
| 0.1344 | 0.0858 | 0.4027 | 0.1667 | |
| Monounsaturated Fat | 0.83 (0.67,1.04) | 0.75 (0.60,0.94) | 0.96 (0.69,1.32) | 0.81 (0.57,1.15) |
| 0.1095 | 0.0135 | 0.7942 | 0.2383 | |
| Oleic Acid | 0.87 (0.70,1.08) | 0.77 (0.61,0.97) | 1.00 (0.73,1.38) | 0.80 (0.56,1.13) |
| 0.2056 | 0.0243 | 0.9816 | 0.2035 | |
| Linoleic Acid | 0.94 (0.75,1.19) | 0.92 (0.73,1.15) | 1.13 (0.80,1.60) | 0.94 (0.67,1.32) |
| 0.6249 | 0.4616 | 0.4817 | 0.7252 | |
| Alpha-Linolenic Acid | 1.01 (0.81,1.26) | 0.91 (0.73,1.14) | 1.01 (0.72,1.40) | 0.81 (0.58,1.13) |
| 0.9184 | 0.4071 | 0.9636 | 0.2166 | |
| Arachidonic Acid | 0.91 (0.72,1.14) | 1.08 (0.85,1.36) | 0.88 (0.62,1.23) | 1.07 (0.77,1.50) |
| 0.3896 | 0.5274 | 0.4438 | 0.6779 | |
| EPA | 0.49 (0.39,0.61) | 0.54 (0.43,0.68) | 0.46 (0.33,0.63) | 0.40 (0.29,0.55) |
| <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
| DPA | 0.77 (0.61,0.97) | 0.67 (0.54,0.84) | 0.70 (0.50,0.97) | 0.58 (0.42,0.82) |
| 0.0286 | 0.0006 | 0.0315 | 0.0016 | |
| DHA | 0.54 (0.43,0.68) | 0.56 (0.45,0.69) | 0.49 (0.36,0.67) | 0.44 (0.32,0.61) |
| <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
| EPA+DHA | 0.52 (0.41,0.65) | 0.54 (0.43,0.67) | 0.44 (0.32,0.60) | 0.41 (0.30,0.57) |
| <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
| EPA+DPA+DHA | 0.56 (0.45,0.70) | 0.48 (0.38,0.60) | 0.43 (0.31,0.60) | 0.42 (0.31,0.59) |
| <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
| Lactose | 1.16 (0.92,1.47) | 1.20 (0.95,1.50) | 0.96 (0.69,1.33) | 1.00 (0.72,1.40) |
| 0.1988 | 0.1192 | 0.7951 | 0.9802 | |
| Alcohol | 0.47 (0.38,0.59) | 0.46 (0.37,0.57) | 0.44 (0.32,0.60) | 0.31 (0.23,0.43) |
| <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
| Fiber | 0.72 (0.57,0.90) | 0.79 (0.63,0.99) | 0.81 (0.58,1.14) | 0.82 (0.58,1.16) |
| 0.0045 | 0.0392 | 0.2270 | 0.2593 | |
| Total Choline | 0.85 (0.68,1.07) | 0.91 (0.72,1.14) | 0.74 (0.54,1.03) | 0.75 (0.53,1.05) |
| 0.1704 | 0.4174 | 0.0725 | 0.0899 | |
| Free Choline | 0.73 (0.58,0.91) | 0.69 (0.55,0.88) | 0.48 (0.34,0.66) | 0.46 (0.33,0.64) |
| 0.0058 | 0.0026 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
| Glycemic Index | 1.36 (0.92,1.99) | 2.11 (1.33,3.35) | 1.72 (0.97,3.05) | 3.46 (1.77,6.77) |
| 0.1205 | 0.0015 | 0.0639 | 0.0003 | |
| Glycemic Load | 1.60 (1.27,2.02) | 1.68 (1.33,2.13) | 2.30 (1.60,3.30) | 2.48 (1.74,3.56) |
| <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |
*
Results adjusted for baseline age, sex, race, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, baseline depression score (CES-D ≥16 or not), total calorie intake, and years from baseline.