TABLE 1.

Studies assessing the role of flavored milk in child and adolescent beverage consumption trends and preferences

Reference	Objective(s)	Design	Sample	Relevant results	Cost of flavored milk consumption	Benefit of flavored milk consumption
Lasater et al. 2011 [11]	Investigate beverage patterns and trends among United States school-aged children	Cross-sectional analyses of national survey data from United States school-aged children	n = 3 nationally representative surveys involving 3229 children 6–11 y of age	Total per capita calories from SSB increased from 1989 to 2008 (130–212 kcal/d, P < 0.05); within SSBs, largest increases per capita were fruit drinks and soft drinks (90–118 kcal/d, P < 0.05); high-fat, high-sugar milk (28–63 kcal/d, P < 0.05), and sports drinks (1–9 kcal/d, P < 0.05). Total per capita calories from high-fat, low-sugar milk contributed to a decrease in caloric nutritional beverage per capita trends (168–86 kcal/d, P < 0.05). Percent consumption from 1989 to 2008 increases: fruit drinks and soft drinks: 67%–77%; high-fat, high-sugar milk: 19%–39% (P < 0.05). Milk consumption trends: total per capita milk intake decreased from 218 to 170 kcal/d (P < 0.05); high-fat, low-sugar milk intake decreased from 168 to 86 kcal/d (P < 0.05)	ND	ND
Fulgoni and Quann, 2012 [9]	Assess beverage consumption trends in children	Cross-sectional analyses of 1976–1980, 1988–1994, and 2001–2006 NHANES	n = 3398 American children <1–5 y of age	Flavored milk consumption increased to 14% and fruit juice increased to more than 50% of the population from first to third NHANES survey (P < 0.001). Milk was consistently the largest contributor of calories, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and potassium to the American diet	Contributes more energy than other beverages to the American Diet	Contributes more micronutrients than other beverages to the American diet
De Pelsmaeker et al. 2013 [8]	Investigate the consumption of milk and flavored milk	Cross-sectional analysis utilizing questionnaires and taste sampling	n = 513 Belgian children 8–13 y of age	Children preferred and consumed more flavored than white milk (P < 0.001) and indicated taste was more important than health (P < 0.001)	ND	Better taste compared with white milk Higher consumption compared with white milk
Henry et al. 2015 [10]	Measure milk consumption (plain and flavored) by children in an elementary school environment and investigate factors contributing to milk choice	Intervention trial	n = 1205 Canadian children and adolescents in grades 1–8	Total milk intake decreased by 12.3% when chocolate milk was removed from schools (P < 0.01). Total milk intake was associated with location (P = 0.035) and cost (P = 0.001)	ND	Increased milk consumption when offered in addition to white milk at school

Abbreviation: SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage.