TABLE 5.

Studies assessing the role of flavored milk in child and adolescent appetite and food intake

Reference	Objective(s)	Design	Sample	Relevant results	Cost of flavored milk consumption	Benefit of flavored milk consumptions
Brindal et al. 2013 [31]	Assess the differential effects of beverages varying in glycemic load and dairy composition on appetite, energy intake and cognitive function	Double-blind, randomized, crossover trial in which children consumed 1100 kJ of glucose beverage, milk beverage, or 50:50 glucose/milk beverage	n = 40 children 10–12 y of age	Blood glucose AUC values were different between drinks (P = 0.001), but did not sustain above the baseline for 3 h for any drink. NS effect of beverage on subjective appetite or energy intake. Girls showed improved short-term memory recall after consumption of either chocolate milk beverage (P = 0.014)	ND	Improved short-term memory recall in girls compared with glucose beverage
Vien et al. 2017 [34]	Experiment #1: compare the effects of water and isocaloric amounts of 2% milk, chocolate milk, yogurt drink, and fruit punch on subjective appetite and food intake Experiment #2: Compare the effects of isocaloric amounts of 2% milk and fruit punch on subjective appetite, food intake, and glycemic and appetite hormone responses	Clinical trial	Experiment #1: n = 32 children and adolescents 9–14 y of age Experiment #2: n = 20 children and adolescents 9–14 y of age	Experiment 1: meal food intake was lower by 14% and 10%, respectively, after chocolate milk and yogurt drink (P < 0.001), but not milk, compared with water Experiment 2: milk led to higher pre-meal glucagon-like peptide-1 and post meal PYY than fruit punch (P < 0.01). NS in insulin between treatments	ND	Increased satiety Decreased short-term food intake
Bennett et al. 2018 [32]	Compare the effect of pre-meal consumption of commercially available SSB on subjective appetite and short-term food intake	Randomized crossover trial in which girls consumed 350 mL of fruit drink (154 kcal), cola (158 kcal), 1% chocolate milk (224 kcal), or water (control; 0 kcal)	n = 28 girls 9–14 y of age	Subjective appetite and thirst decrease after all beverages, but did not differ among beverages. Short-term food intake was suppressed after chocolate milk (15%; P < 0.001) and cola (11%; P = 0.02) compared with water control. Cumulative energy intake was not affected by beverage type	ND	ND
Poirier et al. 2019 [33]	Determine the effects of isovolumetric preloads of fruit-flavored drink, cola, 1% chocolate milk, and water on subjective appetite and food intake in boys	Clinical trial	n = 32 boys ages 11.8 ± 0.3 y of age	Food intake was reduced after cola (940 ± 46 kcal) and chocolate milk (878 ± 41 kcal) compared with water control (1048 ± 35 kcal) and after chocolate milk compared with the fruit drink (1005 ± 44 kcal) (P < 0.001). Average appetite was not affected by the treatment	ND	Decreased short-term food intake

Abbreviation: PYY, peptide YY.