TABLE 2.
Meta-analyses of studies on resistant starch
| Type of RS | Duration and dose | Population | Number of articles and participants | Indicators |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RS2, RS3, RS4 [104] | 1–4 wk; 22–45 g/d | Healthy adults | 9/193 | Fecal wet weight, butyrate concentration, fecal PH↑, defecation frequency↔ |
| RS2, RS3 [105] | 2–52 wk; 10–66 g/d | Healthy adults and those with T2DM, dyslipidemia, obesity, hyperinsulinemia | 14/820 | TC, LDL-C↑, triglycerides, HDL-C↔ |
| RS2 [106] | 1–12 wk; 8–66 g/d | Healthy individuals | 20/670 | FPG, body weight, HOMA-IR, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C↔, triacylglycerol↑ |
| Overweight/obesity | Body Weight↔ | |||
| MetS | FPG, body weight, HOMA-IR, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, triacylglycerol↔ | |||
| Prediabetes | HbA1c↔ | |||
| T2DM | Body weight↑, FPG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, triacylglycerol↔, | |||
| RS [107] | 3–52 wk | MetS and related disorders | 19/1014 | FPG, insulin, HbA1c, TC, LDL-C, TNF-ɑ↑ HOMA-IR, triglycerides, HDL-C, CRP, IL-6↔ |
| RS [108] | 2–12 wk; 10–45 g/d | Overweight or obese adults | 13/428 | FPG, insulin, HOMA-S%, HOMA-B%, LDL-C, HbA1c↑ |
| RS [109] | 4–52 wk; 8.16–40 g/d | T2DM with obesity | 14/515 | Insulin↑, BMI, FPG, HOMA-S%, HOMA-B%↔ |
| RS, inulin [110] | 4 wk to 12 y; 12–30 g/d | Colorectal neoplasia | 20/ | SCFA, butyrate↔ |
| RS [111] | 4–14 wk; 10–45 g/d | Healthy and diseases | 13/672 | TNF-ɑ, IL-6↑, CRP↔ |
| RS2 [112] | 4–8.5 wk; 12–16 g/d | ESRD under MHD | 5/179 | BUN, Scr, IL-6↑, UA, PCS, IS, hs-CRP, albumin, phosphorus↔ |
| RS2 [113] | 4–12 wk; 10–45 g/d | Renal disease, diabetes, prediabetes, T2DM, obesity, and overweight | 8/308 | TNF-ɑ↑, CRP, IL-6↔ |
| RS1, RS2 [114] | Acute; 10–45 g | Young healthy adults | 4/264 | Lower appetite↑ |
| RS [115] | 2–12 wk; 5–66 g/d | Healthy individuals and those with overweight and diabetes | 19/503 | FPG, HOMA-IR↑, HbA1c, insulin, SI, AIR, DI, SG, HOMA-β ↔ |
| RS2, RS3, RS4, resistant dextrin [116] | 2–12 wk; 7–45 g/d | MetS, T2DM, Prediabetes, overweight, ESRD, MHD, PCOS, and DN | 16/739 | TNF-ɑ, IL-6, TAC↑; CRP, MDA, SOD↔ |
Abbreviations: ↑: Positive effects; ↔: No significant effects; AIR, acute insulin response; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CRP, C-reactive protein; DI, disposition index; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; IS, indoxyl sulfate; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome; MDA, malondialdehyde; MHD, maintenance hemodialysis; PCS, p-cresyl sulfate; RS, resistant starch; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; Scr, serum creatinine; SG, glucose effectiveness; SI, insulin sensitivity index; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TC, total cholesterol; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; UA, uric acid.