Table 1.
Characteristics of the included population.
| Periodontal disease (n = 4299) | No periodontal disease (n = 19,025) | |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D, nmol/L | 64.5 (27.9) | 68.2 (29.7) |
| Age, y | 53.3 (13.3) | 54.9 (15.4) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 2197 (51.1%) | 9076 (47.7%) |
| Female | 2102 (48.9%) | 9949 (52.3%) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||
| Normal (<25) | 1006 (24.5%) | 4714 (26.2%) |
| Overweight (25≤BMI<30) | 1841 (44.8%) | 7202 (40.1%) |
| Obesity (≥30) | 1263 (30.7%) | 6063 (33.7%) |
| Race | ||
| Mexican American | 670 (15.6%) | 2568 (13.5%) |
| Other Hispanic | 473 (11.0%) | 1970 (10.4%) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1658 (38.6%) | 7730 (40.6%) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 893 (20.8%) | 4105 (21.6%) |
| Other | 605 (14.1%) | 2652 (13.9%) |
| Education | ||
| Less than 9th grade | 493 (11.5%) | 2119 (11.1%) |
| 9th-11th grade | 655 (15.2%) | 2476 (13.0%) |
| High school | 1007 (23.4%) | 4135 (21.7%) |
| Some college | 1252 (29.1%) | 5342 (28.1%) |
| College graduate or above | 886 (20.6%) | 4922 (25.9%) |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 2237 (52.0%) | 10841 (57.0%) |
| Widowed | 322 (7.49%) | 1901 (9.99%) |
| Divorced | 644 (15.0%) | 2336 (12.3%) |
| Separated | 211 (4.91%) | 659 (3.46%) |
| Never married | 537 (12.5%) | 2094 (11.0%) |
| Living with partner | 346 (8.05%) | 1177 (6.19%) |
| Refused | 2 (0.05%) | 15 (0.08%) |
| PIR | 2.30 (1.59) | 2.62 (1.64) |
| Smoking | ||
| Yes | 2321 (54.0%) | 8219 (43.2%) |
| No | 1975 (45.9%) | 10794 (56.7%) |
| Alcohol | ||
| Yes | 793 (23.6%) | 2324 (16.6%) |
| No | 2572 (76.4%) | 11659 (83.3%) |
| Diabetes | ||
| Yes | 843 (19.6%) | 2836 (14.9%) |
| No | 3301 (76.8%) | 15658 (82.3%) |
| Borderline | 148 (3.44%) | 523 (2.75%) |
| Hypertension | ||
| Yes | 150 (3.92%) | 568 (3.41%) |
| No | 3680 (96.1%) | 16088 (96.6%) |
PIR, ratio of family income to poverty.