TABLE 1.
Included studies and the type of nut analyzed (n = 139)
| Type of nut | Number of studies n | Participants n | Female % | Mean age (y) | Mean duration (wk) | Mean nut dose (g/d) | Participant health status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almond | 36 | 2276 | 58 | 47 | 12 | 58 | 1 CVD or at CVD risk, 1 multiple health conditions, 2 CAD, 2 prediabetic, 4 T2DM, 6 hypercholesterolemia/hyperlipidemia, 8 healthy, and 12 overweight/obese |
| Brazil nut | 4 | 216 | 69 | 49 | 11 | 14 | 1 MetS or at risk of MetS, 1 overweight/obese, and 2 multiple health conditions |
| Cashew nut | 4 | 394 | 59 | 54 | 7 | 37 | 2 healthy and 2 T2DM |
| hazelnut | 7 | 393 | 56 | 41 | 8 | 37 | 1 healthy, 1 multiple health conditions, 1 T2DM, 2 hypercholesterolemia/hyperlipidemia, and 2 overweight/obese |
| Macadamia | 6 | 237 | 57 | 40 | 5 | 49 | 1 overweight/obese, 2 hypercholesterolemia/hyperlipidemia, and 3 healthy |
| Peanut | 10 | 895 | 46 | 45 | 14 | 58 | 1 prediabetic, 1 MetS or at risk of MetS, 1 T2DM, 2 healthy, 2 hypercholesterolemia/hyperlipidemia, and 3 overweight/obesity |
| Pecan | 6 | 272 | 51 | 50 | 8 | 58 | 1 CAD, 1 CVD or at CVD risk, 1 hypercholesterolemia/hyperlipidemia, 1 overweight/obese, and 2 healthy |
| Pistachio | 14 | 652 | 56 | 49 | 12 | 62 | 1 healthy, 1 prediabetic, 2 MetS or at risk of MetS, 2 overweight/obese, 3 T2DM, and 5 hypercholesterolemia/hyperlipidemia |
| Walnut | 39 | 2824 | 52 | 52 | 16 | 38 | 1 prediabetic, 1 multiple health conditions, 2 CVD or CVD risk, 3 MetS or at risk of MetS, 5 T2DM, 7 overweight/obese, 9 hypercholesterolemia/hyperlipidemia, and 11 healthy |
| Mixed nuts | 11 | 858 | 49 | 47 | 35 | 45 | 1 CAD, 1 multiple health conditions, 1 T2DM, 2 MetS, 3 healthy, and 3 overweight/obese |
| Different study arms compared different nuts (for example, group 1 consumed almonds, and group 2 consumed walnuts) | 2 | 82 | 52.5 | 51 | 6 | 69 | 1 hypercholesterolemia/hyperlipidemia and 1 MetS or at risk of MetS |
| Total (all nuts) | 139 | 9099 | 54 | 48 | 14 | 48 |
Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MetS, metabolic syndrome; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.