TABLE 12.

Intake of blackberries on cardiovascular and gut health, 2017–2023

Citation	Study design	Study duration	Subject characteristics	n	Berry type, quantity	Control	Relevant outcomes
Cardiovascular health
Solverson 2018 [72]	Randomized, controlled, crossover trial	1 wk	OW or obese males (mean age 60 y)	27	Blackberry, 600 g/d	Isocaloric gelatin	↑ fat oxidation1 No Δ in TG

Includes human clinical trials that focus on only one functional food (ie, a single type of nut or berry) with outcomes of known physiologically relevant measures related to vascular function and gut health over the past 5 y (2017–2023). Excludes interventions using mixtures of different types of nuts or berries, nut- or berry-containing meals, and nut or berry extracts or oils. Also excludes interventions where nut or berry intake was in combination with other potentially confounding factors (ie, diet or lifestyle modifications including physical activity and dietary counseling).

Abbreviations: AIx, augmentation index; ALA, alpha-linolenic acid; BP, blood pressure; FDBP, freeze-dried blueberry powder; FDRP, freeze-dried raspberry powder; FDSP, freeze-dried strawberry powder; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL:HDL, LDL cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio; MetS, metabolic syndrome; OTU, operational taxonomic unit; OW, overweight; PWV, pulse wave velocity; SCFA, short-chain fatty acids; SysBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TC:HDL, total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

¹denotes statistical significance <0.05.