Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of the DREEM scale and subscales at each university with 1-way analysis of variance analysis (ANOVA) and post hoc Games-Howell showing the pairs that had a significant difference between them.
| Domain | DU | HU | TU | Total | 1-way ANOVA |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | P value | Eta-squared | Post hoc | |
| SPL (max. 48) | 23.5 ± 7.8 | 25.6 ± 8.8 | 24.7 ± 9.0 | 24.3 ± 8.3 | .001 | .011 | DU/HU |
| SPT (max. 44) | 26.2 ± 7.6 | 27.7 ± 8.9 | 26.4 ± 8.3 | 26.6 ± 8.1 | .029 | .006 | DU/HU |
| ASP (max. 32) | 18.3 ± 5.8 | 19.5 ± 6.7 | 19.7 ± 6.9 | 18.9 ± 6.3 | .003 | .010 | DU/HU, DU/TU |
| SPA (max. 48) | 24.5 ± 9.0 | 26.7 ± 10.2 | 25.8 ± 10.4 | 25.3 ± 9.7 | .002 | .010 | DU/HU |
| SSP (max. 28) | 13.2 ± 4.5 | 13.5 ± 4.8 | 14.6 ± 5.0 | 13.5 ± 4.7 | <.001 | .013 | DU/TU, HU/TU |
| DREEM (max. 200) | 105.9 ± 28.5 | 113.3 ± 34.4 | 111.1 ± 34.3 | 108.8 ± 31.5 | .001 | .011 | DU/HU |
Eta-squared is an indicator of effect size. Bold type indicates a value of negative interpretation.
ASP, students’ academic self-perception; DREEM, Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure; DU, Damascus University; HU, Hama University; SPA, students’ perception of the atmosphere; SPL, students’ perception of learning; SPT, students’ perception of teachers; SSP, students’ social self-perception; TU, Tishreen University.