Figure 2.

Cultural, Structural, and Institutional Racism [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

The Buckyball graphic is adapted from Gee and Hicken, ⁷ who used this image to illustrate the “interinstitutional” connections that characterize structural racism. The cultural racism subdomains fall within the broader dimensions illustrated in Figure 1: “values and belief systems” encompasses “ideology and values” and “racialization and stigmatization,” “shared social consciousness” encompasses “collective racial prejudice” and “racial frames,” and “cultural expressions” encompasses “language and symbols” and “media portrayals.”