Table 5.
Comparison of demographic characteristics and outcome variables between intervention (n = 17) and control groups (n = 17)
| Variables | Overall | Intervention group | Control group | t/χ2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) (range: 25–41) | 33.59 ± 4.19 | 34.00 ± 4.17 | 33.18 ± 4.31 | 0.567 | 0.575 |
| <35 | 16 | 7 | 9 | 0.472 | 0.492 |
| ≥ 35 | 18 | 10 | 8 | ||
| Gestational age (weeks) (range: 11–14) | 12.56 ± 0.79 | 12.47 ± 0.80 | 12.65 ± 0.79 | -0.649 | 0.521 |
| Gestational weight gain (Kg) (range: -3-7.9) | 2.00 ± 2.42 | 2.32 ± 2.39 | 1.67 ± 1.87 | 0.768 | 0.448 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (Kg/m2) | 3.256 | 0.354 | |||
| <18.5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 18.5–23.9 | 16 | 10 | 6 | ||
| 24-27.9 | 13 | 4 | 9 | ||
| ≥ 28 | 3 | 2 | 1 | ||
| Education | 0.000 | 1.000 | |||
| High school or below | 6 | 3 | 3 | ||
| University degree or above | 28 | 14 | 14 | ||
| Employment | 4.963 | 0.084 | |||
| Housewife | 7 | 1 | 6 | ||
| Part time | 4 | 3 | 1 | ||
| Full time | 23 | 13 | 10 | ||
| Monthly household income (per person per month) | 0.917 | 0.632 | |||
| <¥5000 (about US$747) | 12 | 6 | 6 | ||
| ¥5000–9000 (about US$747–US$1344) | 16 | 7 | 9 | ||
| ≥¥9000 (aboutUS$1344) | 6 | 4 | 2 | ||
| Number of pregnancies | 3.767 | 0.439 | |||
| 1 | 5 | 3 | 2 | ||
| 2 | 15 | 8 | 7 | ||
| 3 | 8 | 3 | 5 | ||
| 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | ||
| 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | ||
| Parity | 2.866 | 0.239 | |||
| First delivery | 11 | 7 | 4 | ||
| Second delivery | 21 | 10 | 11 | ||
| Third delivery | 2 | 0 | 2 | ||
| Family history of type 2 diabetes | 3.238 | 0.072 | |||
| Yes | 6 | 5 | 1 | ||
| No | 28 | 12 | 16 | ||
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | 1.030 | 0.310 | |||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| No | 33 | 16 | 17 | ||
| Previous macrosomia | 0.000 | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 32 | 16 | 16 | ||
| Previous fetal anomaly | 0.134 | 0.714 | |||
| Yes | 11 | 5 | 6 | ||
| No | 23 | 12 | 11 | ||
| Previous hydramnion | 1.030 | 0.310 | |||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| No | 33 | 16 | 17 | ||
| Repeated colitis | 0.000 | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 32 | 16 | 16 | ||
| Planned pregnancy | 0.234 | 0.628 | |||
| Yes | 29 | 15 | 14 | ||
| No | 5 | 2 | 3 | ||
| Having a habit of regular physical activity before pregnancy | 1.121 | 0.290 | |||
| Yes | 11 | 5 | 6 | ||
| No | 23 | 12 | 11 | ||
| Learning physical activity knowledge | 1.074 | 0.300 | |||
| Yes | 15 | 7 | 8 | ||
| No | 19 | 10 | 9 | ||
| The incidence of GDM | 32.3% (10/31) | 26.7%(4/15) | 36.5% (6/16) | 0.416 | 0.519 |