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. 2023 Sep 19;14:257. doi: 10.1186/s13287-023-03490-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — The function of ApoEVs was impaired after using methyl palmitate. a Immunofluorescence staining shows that the function of BMDMs to phagocytize ApoEVs is inhibited in vitro. Scale bar, 50 μm. b The detection of inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-18 released by BMDMs under different stimulation conditions by ELISA, N = 3 per group, 3 duplication per sample. c The protein levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, cleaved caspase-1, gasdermin D, cleaved gasdermin D of BMDMs treated with LPS/ATP, ApoEVs, and methyl palmitate, N = 3 per group. Corresponding uncropped full-length gels and blots are presented in Additional file 5D. d Semi-quantification of protein expression of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, and cleaved gasdermin D. e Immunofluorescence staining shows that the function of macrophages to phagocytize ApoEVs is inhibited in vivo. Scale bar, 50 μm. f Immunofluorescence staining in vivo shows the expression of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, and gasdermin D in F4/80-positive macrophages changed with the intervention of methyl palmitate. Scale bar, 20 μm. N = 3 per group, 3 ROIs per sample. g Semi-quantification of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, and gasdermin D positive count and relative fluorescence intensity. N = 3 per group. Data shown as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001; NS, not significant. MP, methyl palmitate; CASP1, caspase-1; GSDMD, gasdermin D