Table 1.
Detailed Breakdown of the Population of Study Participants and Clinical Interventions in 23 Studies Included in the Review
| Population | Intervention | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Authors (Year) n = 23 | Study type | Condition | Chronicity | Intervention, n | Control, n | Total no. of sessions | Frequency (sessions/wk) | Session length, min | Presence of therapist |
| Biasiucci et al. (2018) | Controlled study | Stroke | Chronic | 14 | 13 | 10 | 0–2 | 60 | Yes |
| Daly et al. (2009) | Case study | Stroke | Chronic | 1 | N/A | 9 | 3 | 45 | No |
| Grimm et al. (2016) | SAI study | Stroke | Chronic | 7 | N/A | 2 | N/A | — | No |
| Hashimoto et al. (2020) | SAI study | Stroke | Sub-acute | 4 | N/A | 2–4 | — | 40–50 | No |
| Irimia et al. (2017) | Case series | Stroke | Chronic | 2 | N/A | 10 | — | — | No |
| Irimia et al. (2018) | SAI study | Stroke | Sub-acute and chronic | 5 | N/A | 10–24 | — | 60 | No |
| Jang et al. (2016) | RCT | Stroke | Sub-acute | 10 | 10 | 30 | 5 | 30 | Yes |
| Jovanovic et al. (2020) | Case study | Stroke | Chronic | 1 | N/A | 80 | 3 | 60 | Yes |
| Kim et al. (2016) | RCT | Stroke | Sub-acute | 15 | 15 | 12 | 3 | 30 | Yes |
| Lee t al. (2020) | RCT | Stroke | Sub-acute | 13 | 13 | 20 | 5 | 30 | Yes |
| Li et al. (2014) | RCT | Stroke | Sub-acute | 7 | 7 | 24 | 3 | 60–90* | No |
| Marquez-Chin et al. (2016) | Case study | Stroke | Chronic | 1 | N/A | 40 | 3 | 90 | No |
| Miao et al. (2020) | RCT | Stroke | Sub-acute and chronic | 8 | 8 | 12 | 3 | N/A | No |
| Mukaino et al. (2014) | Case study | Stroke | Chronic | 1 | N/A | 25 | 5 | 60 | No |
| Osuagwu et al. (2016) | RPS | SCI | Sub-acute | 7 | 5 | 20 | 3–5 | 60 | No |
| Remsik et al. (2019) | SAI study | Stroke | Sub-acute and chronic | 21 | N/A | 9–15 | 2–3 | 120 | No |
| Sebastian-Romagosa et al. (2020) | SAI study | Stroke | Sub-acute and chronic | 51 | N/A | 25 | 2 | 60 | No |
| Tabernig et al. (2018) | SAI study | Stroke | Chronic | 8 | N/A | 20 | 4 | 60 | Yes |
| Trincado-Alonso et al. (2018) | SAI study | SCI | Sub-acute | 4 | N/A | 5 | — | 60 | Yes |
| Vuckovic et al. (2015) | Case series | SCI | Sub-acute | 2 | N/A | 4–10 | 2–3 | 60 | No |
| Young et al. (2014) | Case study | Stroke | Sub-acute | 1 | N/A | 13 | 2–3 | 120 | No |
| Young et al. (2015) | SAI study | Stroke | Sub-acute and chronic | 16 | N/A | 9–15 | 0–3 | 120 | No |
| Zhang et al. (2018) | Case study | Stroke | Chronic | 1 | N/A | 18 | 3 | 90 | No |
*
The session length of 60–90 minutes included brain-computer interface–controlled electrical stimulation as well as conventional therapy.
SAI = single-arm interventional; RCT = randomized-controlled trial; RPS = randomized pilot study; SCI = spinal cord injury.