Table 3.

Estimates of Total, Direct, and Indirect Effects (Mediated Through Anxiety, Depression, or Traumatic Stress) of the Association Between Worsening or Incident Health-Related Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities and Increased Smoking Since the Start of the Pandemic, Adjusted for All Other Covariates

		Total effect		Direct effect		Indirect effect		Proportion mediated
		β (95% CI)	p	β (95% CI)	p	β (95% CI)	p
Mediator
Incident food insecurity	Anxiety	0.23 (0.11 to 0.36)	<0.001	0.22 (0.09 to 0.35)	0.001	0.02 (−0.01 to 0.04)	0.153	0.07
Incident financial strain		0.14 (0.02 to 0.26)	0.025	0.11 (−0.01 to 0.23)	0.080	0.03 (0.00 to 0.05)	0.056	0.20
Any worsening HRSVs		0.18 (0.10 to 0.26)	<0.001	0.14 (0.06 to 0.22)	0.001	0.04 (0.02 to 0.07)	0.001	0.17
Worsening food insecurity		0.16 (0.06 to 0.26)	0.003	0.13 (0.02 to 0.24)	0.017	0.03 (0.00 to 0.05)	0.023	0.19
Incident food insecurity	Depression	0.25 (0.12 to 0.37)	<0.001	0.24 (0.12 to 0.37)	<0.001	0.00 (−0.02 to 0.03)	0.707	0.02
Incident financial strain		0.14 (0.02 to 0.26)	0.018	0.12 (0.00 to 0.24)	0.059	0.03 (0.00 to 0.05)	0.034	0.19
Any worsening HRSVs		0.18 (0.10 to 0.26)	<0.001	0.17 (0.07 to 0.28)	<0.001	0.03 (0.01 to 0.05)	0.004	0.15
Worsening food insecurity		0.15 (0.05 to 0.26)	0.003	0.14 (0.04 to 0.24)	0.008	0.01 (0.00 to 0.03)	0.101	0.09
Incident food insecurity	Traumatic Stress	0.25 (−0.11 to 0.24)	0.445	0.24 (0.11 to 0.37)	<0.001	0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03)	0.473	0.03
Incident financial strain		0.15 (0.03 to 0.27)	0.013	0.13 (0.01 to 0.25)	0.040	0.02 (0.00 to 0.05)	0.060	0.16
Any worsening HRSVs		0.18 (0.10 to 0.26)	<0.001	0.17 (0.09 to 0.25)	<0.001	0.01 (−0.01 to 0.02)	0.266	0.04
Worsening food insecurity		0.15 (0.05 to 0.25)	0.005	0.15 (0.04 to 0.25)	0.005	0.00 (−0.01 to 0.02)	0.827	0.01

Models were adjusted for age, marital status, education, income category, number of people in household, number of household children, self-reported overall health, and number of comorbidities.