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(a) Video snapshots of pharyngeal muscle contractions in C. elegans: pumping, isthmus peristalsis, and resting. The grinder is marked in red in the images, displaying contraction and relaxation, and the whole pharynx is localized with a green dotted line. (b) The pharynx pumping rate in C. elegans of N2, JD21, and DA464 strains, with and without Ppy NPs treatment (N ≈ 30).
