Table 4.

Summary of trustworthiness of the qualitative and quantitative parts of the thesis. Adapted from [53].

Truth value	Quantitative part	Truth value in quantitative methodology is referred to as “internal validity” and is measured by excluding the risk of selection bias. In the national survey, the data were collected through face-to-face, online, and postal modes, which could lead to heterogeneity and bias by not reaching groups of young migrants. The combination of different data collection modes is, however, suggested to reach this “hard to reach” group. Sampling strategies for the youth clinic survey included exit interviews, which had a low proportion of migrant youths, which might be a result of selection bias. Lack of privacy in youth clinics and lack of time for completing the questionnaire are potential sources of bias.
	Qualitative part	Truth value in qualitative methodology is referred to as “credibility,” which refers to capturing the participants’ multiple realities. Being an Arabic-speaking man with migration experience, and my familiarity with the context and culture but with continuous self-reflections among the research group, helped me in understanding the realities of the researched group. The assumed similarities might have influenced the participants’ responses to meet some cultural beliefs and expectations. To mitigate this, I stated from the start of each interview that I have a professional secrecy, there are no right and wrong answers, and although I might understand what they mean, it is important that they explain their ideas in their own words to facilitate the understanding of the rest of the team. The study utilised various methods to recruit participants, such as snowball sampling and social media announcements, which helped to gather a diverse range of experiences and enriched the data. The study did not gather data on the experiences of men who have sex with men, gay men, or transmen.
Applicability	Quantitative part	Applicability in quantitative research is referred to as “generalisability.” The national survey focused on newly arrived young migrants from low- and middle-income countries, and the sample was representative of this group in terms of gender and region of origin. Therefore, the findings cannot be generalised to all young migrants in Sweden. The youth clinic survey may not reflect the experiences of those who do not use youth clinics. However, the survey did make it possible to reach a more diverse group of young migrants.
	Qualitative part	Applicability in qualitative research is referred to as “transferability.” The study provided a thorough explanation of the research context, which is important for understanding the experiences of the participants. Additionally, the study analysed the participants’ experiences using existing theories and literature, which adds to the transferability of the findings. The aim was to target specific groups of young migrants instead of generalising the results in all young migrants.
Consistency	Quantitative part	Consistency is referred to as “reliability” in quantitative research. The instrument of the national study was not validated, but strategies were used to improve its reliability. First, it was designed based on previous questionnaires, tested through a pilot study, and cultural adaptations were made. Second, a trained team familiar with multiple languages and cultures was used to collect face-to-face data for the national survey. The instrument of the youth clinic survey was validated in Sweden to ensure that the questionnaire accurately measures what it is intended to measure and is reliable over time.
	Qualitative part	Consistency in qualitative research is referred to as “dependability” which means the ability to the changes of the study context and the continuous interactions with the study participants. The study used an emergent design approach, which means that the research questions were adapted and refined based on the preliminary analysis of the data. The follow-up questions were also modified accordingly, and theoretical concepts were selected after developing potential themes from the data.
“Neutrality”	Quantitative and qualitative parts Qualitative part	Neutrality in quantitative research is referred to as “objectivity.” Neutrality in qualitative research is neither possible nor desirable since researchers should reduce the distance between them and the participants. Instead, the trustworthiness criterion to aspire for is “confirmability” which refers to enabling the readers to judge that the interpretations are grounded in the data. I think that the researcher cannot be detached from the research process, therefore, the role of the research team in the research process was discussed. The researcher’s identity and background can affect the interaction with the participants and how they understand and analyse the data. Therefore, I tried to “bracket” myself, be open to clarifications, and continuously reflected about my positionality when interacting with the participants and during the research process. The research team contributed with various perspectives about the research material.