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. 2023 Aug 8;621(7979):511–515. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06507-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a, Response surface for the wet strengths of three-layer plywoods as a function of the hot-pressing temperature and the glue application level. b, Effects of hot-pressing temperatures and times on the adhesion performance of FPL adhesives, without acid addition. Lignin adhesive preparation: 1:2 (w/w) lignin/water; glue application level: 100 g m⁻². c, The promoting effect of acid addition on the adhesion performances of FPL adhesives. Lignin adhesive preparation: 1:2:0.1 (w/w/w) lignin/water/H₂SO₄; glue application level: 100 g m⁻². The dot-dashed line at 0.7 MPa in b,c marks the minimum industrial requirement for the adhesion strength. All examined bonding strengths were found to be significantly (ANOVA, P < 0.01) affected by hot-pressing temperatures and time as well as glue application levels (Extended Data Table 1). Error bars show the s.d. of measured bonding strengths with four repeats.