Table 1.
Baseline (year 0) demographic characteristics, lifestyle, physical, and clinical characteristics of female and male CARDIA participants across quintiles of total artificial sweetener intake (mg/day)a (N = 3088). Values are expressed as means ± SE or n (%).
| Characteristics | Quintiles of total baseline artificial sweetener intake (mg/day) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Trend p-value | |
| (n = 617) | (n = 618) | (n = 618) | (n = 618) | (n = 617) | ||
| Mean intake | 23.3 | 38.32 | 54.38 | 81.87 | 200.62 | |
| Range | (5.43–31.3) | (31.3–45.5) | (45.6–85.2) | (65.3–104.1) | (>104.1) | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, years | 25.1 (±0.2) | 25.2 (±0.2) | 25.1 (±0.1) | 25.1 (±0.2) | 25.2 (±0.2) | 0.99 |
| Sex, women % | 52.4 (±1.9) | 47.8 (±1.8) | 53.6 (±1.8) | 58.9 (±1.9) | 68.4 (±1.9) | <0.001 |
| Race, White % | 40.5 (±1.9) | 48.9 (±1.9) | 49.5 (±1.9) | 55.7 (±1.9) | 69.1 (±1.9) | <0.001 |
| Educationb | 90.3 (±1.1) | 91.1 (±1.0) | 93.1 (±1.0) | 93.7 (±1.1) | 94.4 (±1.1) | 0.004 |
| Lifestyle characteristics | ||||||
| Current smokers, % | 30.5 (±1.8) | 26.8 (±1.8) | 24.9 (±1.7) | 28.0 (±1.8) | 24.2 (±1.8) | 0.07 |
| Alcohol status, % | 15.2 (±1.4) | 11.9 (±1.4) | 12.6 (±1.3) | 12.7 (±1.4) | 13.7 (±1.4) | 0.6 |
| Physical activity score | 390.1 (±11.6) | 403.3 (11.0) | 410.6 (±10.9) | 423.7 (±11.2) | 459.2 (±11.4) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake, kcal | 1514.9 (±38.9) | 1880.4 (±38.6) | 2232.1 (±38.6) | 2686.7 (±38.7) | 2813.3 (±39.0) | <0.001 |
| HEI-2015 diet quality score | 60.4 (±0.40) | 61.9 (±0.38) | 61.1 (±37.5) | 60.6 (±38.4) | 61.3 (±39.2) | 0.81 |
| Physical and clinical characteristics | ||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.2 (±0.2) | 24.1 (±0.2) | 24.2 (±0.2) | 24.6 (±0.2) | 25.4 (±0.2) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 77.2 (±0.4) | 76.9 (±0.4) | 77.2 (±0.4) | 78.0 (±0.4) | 79.2 (±0.4) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, pmol/L | 70.8 (±2.1) | 69.4 (±2.1) | 70.8 (±2.1) | 73.6 (±2.1) | 80.6 (±2.1) | 0.001 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 4.55 (±0.03) | 4.55 (±0.03) | 4.56 (±0.02) | 4.53 (±0.03) | 4.56 (±0.03) | 0.99 |
aAdjusted for age, sex, race, education, and energy intake.
b≥High School (%).
CARDIA coronary artery risk development in young adults, HEI2015 healthy eating index-2015, BMI body mass index.