Table 2.
Adjusted mean (±SE) adipose tissue volumes and anthropometric measures at year 25 in CARDIA participants across quintiles of averaged (at Y0, 7, 20) total artificial sweetener intake (N = 3088).
| Characteristic | Quintiles of Averaged Total Artificial Sweetener Intake, mg/day | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Trend p-value | |
| (n = 617) | (n = 618) | (n = 618) | (n = 618) | (n = 617) | ||
| Total ArtSw (mean) | 22.5 | 37.3 | 53.9 | 83.4 | 394.9 | |
| (range) | (6.34–30.3) | (30.4–45.3) | (45.3–63.9) | (64.1–111.3) | (>111.3) | |
| Adipose outcome | ||||||
| VAT (mL) | 127.8 (±2.3) | 129.1 (±2.2) | 134.2 (±2.2) | 130.4 (±2.2) | 139.0 (±2.2) | 0.001 |
| SAT (mL) | 319.3 (±4.8) | 323.2 (±4.6) | 335.8 (±4.6) | 332.3 (±4.7) | 366.4 (±4.7) | <0.001 |
| IMAT (mL) | 2.25 (±0.06) | 2.29 (±0.05) | 2.42 (±0.05) | 2.33 (±0.05) | 2.55 (±0.06) | <0.001 |
| Anthropometry | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.4 (±0.2) | 29.6 (±0.2) | 30.4 (±0.2) | 30.4 (±0.2) | 31.6 (±0.2) | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 85.0 (±0.5) | 85.9 (±0.5) | 87.9 (±0.5) | 88.2 (±0.5) | 91.8 (±0.5) | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 93.2 (±0.5) | 93.3 (±0.4) | 94.6 (±0.4) | 94.8 (±0.5) | 97.3 (±0.5) | <0.001 |
| 25-year changea | ||||||
| BMI change (kg/m2) | 5.4 (±0.2) | 5.6 (±0.2) | 5.7 (±0.2) | 5.9 (±0.2) | 6.3 (±0.2) | 0.003 |
| Weight gain (kg) | 15.6 (±0.6) | 16.2 (±0.6) | 16.5 (±0.6) | 17.0 (±0.6) | 18.2 (±0.6) | 0.002 |
| WC change (cm) | 16.4 (±0.5) | 16.5 (±0.5) | 16.8 (±0.5) | 17.6 (±0.5) | 18.1 (±0.5) | 0.008 |
Models adjusted for age, sex, race, field center, education, height, smoking, alcohol consumption status, physical activity, energy intake, and HEI2015 score.
aChange in BMI, weight, and WC was also adjusted for baseline BMI, weight, or WC as appropriate.
CARDIA coronary artery risk development in young adults, ArtSw artificial sweetener, VAT visceral adipose tissue, SAT subcutaneous adipose tissue, IMAT intermuscular adipose tissue, HEI2015 healthy eating index-2015, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference.