Extended Data Fig. 4. Age-stratified population intervention effects in weight-for-length Z-scores.

Exposures, rank ordered by population intervention effects on child WLZ, stratified by the age of the child at the time of anthropometry measurement. The population intervention effect is the expected difference in population mean Z-score if all children had the reference level of the exposure rather than the observed distribution. For all plots, reference levels are printed next to the name of the exposure. Cohort-specific estimates were adjusted for all measured confounders using ensemble machine learning and TMLE, and then pooled using random effects (Methods). Estimates are shown only for exposures measured in at least 4 cohorts.