Table 1.
Patient characteristics for each database
| Characteristics | CPRD GOLD (UK) | CPRD AURUM (UK) | HSD (IT) | IPCI (NL) | NDR (DK) | SIDIAP (ES) | GePaRD (DE) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 7,665 | 175,557 | 24,155 | 18,218 | 95,601 | 72,457 | 89,344 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 6,098 (80%) | 139,355 (79%) | 22,071 (91%) | 13,852 (76%) | 74,345 (78%) | 63,761 (88%) | 78,231 (88%) |
| Age continuous at start | |||||||
| Median (IQR) | 75 (66—82) | 75 (66—82) | 72 (63—79) | 72 (64—80) | 71 (63—78) | 72 (64—81) | 75 (66—80) |
| General practice visits in the prior year | |||||||
| Median (IQR) | 12 (7—20) | 10 (6—17) | 14 (8—23) | 2 (0—4) | NA | 7 (3—12) | 5 (0- 10) |
| Other osteoporotic medications | 1,798 (23%) | 42,982 (24%) | 6,737 (28%) | 4,853 (27%) | 16,583 (17%) | 15,794 (22%) | 18,358 (21%) |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs | 188 (2.5%) | 7,919 (4.5%) | 1,050 (4.3%) | 658 (3.6%) | 2,428 (2.5%) | 1,225 (1.7%) | 2,821 (3.2%) |
| Beta blockers | 1,569 (20%) | 35,774 (20%) | 6,243 (26%) | 4,446 (24%) | 17,744 (19%) | 5,327 (7.4%) | 32,673 (37%) |
| ACE Inhibitors | 1,547 (20%) | 35,602 (20%) | 4,986 (21%) | 3,079 (17%) | 14,376 (15%) | 7,856 (11%) | 22,206 (25%) |
| Angiotensin II inhibitors | 950 (12%) | 21,288 (12%) | 5,070 (21%) | 2,522 (14%) | 17,668 (18%) | 5,350 (7.4%) | 22,490 (25%) |
| Other antihypertensives | 2,927 (38%) | 69,649 (40%) | 6,365 (26%) | 5,824 (32%) | 36,228 (38%) | 13,817 (19%) | 31,175 (35%) |
| Diabetes therapies | 683 (8.9%) | 16,954 (9.7%) | 1,942 (8.0%) | 1,779 (9.8%) | 7,162 (7.5%) | 4,533 (6.3%) | 6,764 (7.6%) |
| Lipid lowering drugs | 3,021 (39%) | 70,891 (40%) | 7,025 (29%) | 5,700 (31%) | 29,421 (31%) | 10,356 (14%) | 24,042 (27%) |
| Platelet aggregation inhibitors | 479 (6.2%) | 12,410 (7.1%) | 1,323 (5.5%) | 1,959 (11%) | 7,726 (8.1%) | 921 (1.3%) | 2,786 (3.1%) |
| Antithrombotics | 898 (12%) | 22,603 (13%) | 3,495 (14%) | 2,936 (16%) | 10,436 (11%) | 5,981 (8.3%) | 19,746 (22%) |
| Systemic glucocorticoids | 2,140 (28%) | 46,743 (27%) | 6,322 (26%) | 5,249 (29%) | 19,798 (21%) | 9,576 (13%) | 22,175 (25%) |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 3,785 (49%) | 86,839 (49%) | 11,158 (46%) | 9,741 (53%) | 33,258 (35%) | 19,879 (27%) | 42,679 (48%) |
| Antidepressants | 2,270 (30%) | 50,955 (29%) | 4,376 (18%) | 2,630 (14%) | 16,208 (17%) | 12,003 (17%) | 17,518 (20%) |
| Opioids | 2,722 (36%) | 59,603 (34%) | 2,454 (10%) | 5,111 (28%) | 32,229 (34%) | 15,299 (21%) | 25,540 (29%) |
| NSAIDS | 1,138 (15%) | 23,274 (13%) | 9,824 (41%) | 4,939 (27%) | 24,927 (26%) | 17,874 (25%) | 41,300 (46%) |
| Aspirin | 1,126 (15%) | 24,111 (14%) | 4,579 (19%) | 2,036 (11%) | 14,407 (15%) | 4,419 (6.1%) | 7,258 (8.1%) |
| Inhaled glucocorticoids | 1,435 (19%) | 32,410 (18%) | 3,217 (13%) | 2,909 (16%) | 12,056 (13%) | 5,078 (7.0%) | 11,665 (13%) |
| Osteoporosis | 3,545 (46%) | 88,312 (50%) | 15,748 (65%) | 8,883 (49%) | 42,876 (45%) | 46,404 (64%) | 76,987 (86%) |
| Fracture | 3,684 (48%) | 94,836 (54%) | 8,607 (36%) | 7,366 (40%) | 39,136 (41%) | 34,158 (47%) | 28,592 (32%) |
| Number of records of fracture since age of 45 | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.86 (1.18) | 1.25 (1.83) | 0.61 (0.95) | 1.11 (2.28) | 0.78 (1.29) | 0.96 (1.24) | 0.49 (0.88) |
| Cancer | 1,785 (23%) | 44,256 (25%) | 5,300 (22%) | 3,978 (22%) | 30,883 (32%) | 31,871 (44%) | 21,170 (24%) |
| Myocardial infarction | 522 (6.8%) | 12,471 (7.1%) | 364 (1.5%) | 1,053 (5.8%) | 3,685 (3.9%) | 1,866 (2.6%) | 5,132 (5.7%) |
| Stroke | 518 (6.8%) | 12,726 (7.2%) | 1,638 (6.8%) | 1,266 (6.9%) | 7,132 (7.5%) | 3,939 (5.4%) | 7,495 (8.4%) |
| Arrhythmia | 1,331 (17%) | 32,992 (19%) | 4,268 (18%) | 2,588 (14%) | 12,467 (13%) | 12,186 (17%) | 28,364 (32%) |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 1,008 (13%) | 24,568 (14%) | 1,794 (7.4%) | 2,032 (11%) | 9,295 (9.7%) | 6,997 (9.7%) | 5,158 (5.8%) |
| Heart failure | 603 (7.9%) | 15,878 (9.0%) | 649 (2.7%) | 1,170 (6.4%) | 3,880 (4.1%) | 5,737 (7.9%) | 22,064 (25%) |
| Established cardiovascular disease^ | 2,857 (37%) | 69,147 (39%) | 6,983 (29%) | 6,732 (37%) | 26,148 (27%) | 20,059 (28%) | 45,308 (51%) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 254 (3.3%) | 6,188 (3.5%) | 972 (4.0%) | 1,348 (7.4%) | 3,970 (4.2%) | 2,273 (3.1%) | 9,213 (10%) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 2,568 (34%) | 63,666 (36%) | 8,948 (37%) | 4,056 (22%) | 29,484 (31%) | 29,341 (40%) | 52,712 (59%) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1,253 (16%) | 29,923 (17%) | 1,441 (6.0%) | 2,150 (12%) | 10,295 (11%) | 4,816 (6.6%) | 23,441 (26%) |
| Cerebrovascular disease (not stroke)* | 400 (5.2%) | 8,769 (5.0%) | 541 (2.2%) | 1,236 (6.8%) | 2,945 (3.1%) | 2,037 (2.8%) | 4,017 (4.5%) |
| Thromboembolism | 543 (7.1%) | 12,736 (7.3%) | 432 (1.8%) | 931 (5.1%) | 2,687 (2.8%) | 1,741 (2.4%) | 5,525 (6.2%) |
| Hypertension | 4,160 (54%) | 97,809 (56%) | 13,015 (54%) | 8,243 (45%) | 26,186 (27%) | 36,776 (51%) | 59,466 (67%) |
| Diabetes (Type 1, type 2 or secondary) | 1,090 (14%) | 27,811 (16%) | 2,720 (11%) | 2,573 (14%) | 8,767 (9.2%) | 10,600 (15%) | 7,328 (8.2%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1,650 (22%) | 35,414 (20%) | 1,751 (7.2%) | 2,077 (11%) | 10,573 (11%) | 8,927 (12%) | 9,876 (11%) |
| Hyper or hypocalcemia | 178 (2.3%) | 5,062 (2.9%) | 119 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 8,961 (9.4%) | 780 (1.1%) | 2,970 (3.3%) |
| Asthma | 1,715 (22%) | 38,564 (22%) | 2,658 (11%) | 2,699 (15%) | 5,339 (5.6%) | 6,121 (8.4%) | 15,030 (17%) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1,273 (17%) | 28,753 (16%) | 1,877 (7.8%) | 2,570 (14%) | 10,277 (11%) | 6,168 (8.5%) | 18,139 (20%) |
| Heavy alcohol use | 196 (2.6%) | 7,062 (4.0%) | 191 (0.8%) | 328 (1.8%) | 2,042 (2.1%) | 589 (0.8%) | 2,946 (3.3%) |
| Current smoker | 808 (11%) | 62,452 (36%) | 1,417 (5.9%) | 2,520 (14%) | NA | 6,635 (9.2%) | 8,454 (9.5%) |
| BMI | |||||||
| Median (IQR) | 25.0 (22.0-28.6) | 25.3 (22.2-29.0) | 24.8 (21.7-28.3) | 25.6 (22.9-28.9) | NA | 25.9 (23.1-29.2) | NA |
| missing | 220 (2.9%) | 23,283 (13%) | 14,814 (61%) | 6,791 (37%) | 9,477 (13%) | ||
| Charlson comorbidity score | |||||||
| 0 | 1,328 (17%) | 27,312 (16%) | 10,738 (44%) | 6,482 (36%) | 60,244 (63%) | 17,370 (24%) | 30,006 (34%) |
| 1 | 337 (4.4%) | 6,788 (3.9%) | 701 (2.9%) | 441 (2.4%) | 13,066 (14%) | 1,386 (1.9%) | 19,405 (22%) |
| 2 | 3,307 (43%) | 68,787 (39%) | 11,066 (46%) | 9,324 (51%) | 15,946 (17%) | 41,115 (57%) | 15,666 (18%) |
| 3 | 1,573 (21%) | 40,913 (23%) | 1,201 (5.0%) | 1,500 (8.2%) | 2,952 (3.1%) | 6,802 (9.4%) | 9,513 (11%) |
| > = 4 | 1,120 (15%) | 31,757 (18%) | 449 (1.9%) | 471 (2.6%) | 3,393 (3.5%) | 5,784 (8.0%) | 14,754 (17%) |
| Garvan fracture risk—weight based | |||||||
| Median (IQR) | 10.8 (5.5—21.1) | 11.7 (6.0—24.3) | 10.1 (5.9—18.0) | 10.3 (5.3—19.9) | NA | 11.6 (6.5—24.3) | NA |
| missing | 144 (1.9%) | 16,746 (9.5%) | 14,570 (60%) | 5,902 (32%) | 8,622 (12%) | ||
Patients contribute once per exposure to each osteoporosis treatment group. Results presented in numbers (percentages) unless otherwise specified
ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; IQR: interquartile range; NA: Not available; SD: standard deviation. Body mass index and Garvan fracture risk not available in NDR and GePaRD. Smoking and GP visits not available in NDR
^includes angina, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation;
*includes cerebral ischemia and transient ischemic attack
DE: Germany; DK: Denmark; ES: Spain; IT: Italy; NL: The Netherlands; UK: United Kingdom