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. 2023 Sep 20;14:5830. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41418-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a, b scRNA-seq-generated UMAP plots of MSCs distinguishing three individual subpopulations (a) and tissue sources (b). Coloured bars indicate the proportion of MSCs in H-MAT, CD-MAT and CF. c Heatmap (blue-to-red) showing the expression of specific marker genes for three MSCs; hierarchically clustered rows, mean gene expression (white-to-red, left). d Representative immunofluorescence images of DPP4 (green), ICAM1 (red) CD142 (pink) and DAPI (blue) in human MAT. Scale bars, 25 μM. e Flow cytometry showing the percentage of subpopulations in MSCs isolated from H-MAT, CD-MAT and CF of control subjects (n = 4) and CD patients (n = 6). The centre line represents the mean. f, g Microscopy images of human MSC subpopulations after exposure to the complete adipogenic differentiation cocktail (f) or insulin only (Min) (g). [n = 5 biological replicates (BRs) per condition]. Scale bars, 50 μM. h mRNA levels of osteocyte-specific genes and chondrocyte-specific genes in MSC subpopulations exposed to osteogenic or chondrogenic differentiation inducers (representative of 5 BRs per condition). e, f–h The data are presented as means ± s.d. and p value were determined via two-sided one-way ANOVA. Source data are provided as a Source data file.