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. 2023 Sep 20;14:5830. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41418-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Monocle analysis of MSC subpopulations with gene expression profiles indicating accelerated MSC1 differentiation (red arrow) and normal differentiation (purple arrow) in the developmental trajectory. Each point corresponds to a single cell. Cluster information is shown. b Monocle analysis of the MSC subpopulations showing tissue source classification as H-MAT (bottom), CD-MAT (middle) or CF (top). c Heatmap (red-to-blue) showing the expression of specific marker genes for two MSC1 subsets. d Representative flow cytometry zebra plot of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1, also known as CCL2) expression on MSC1 cells in H-MAT and CF. e, f Microscopy images of CF-derived and H-MAT-derived MSC1 after exposure to the complete adipogenic differentiation cocktail (e) or insulin only (Min) (f) for 6 days or 21 days of differentiation (representative of 5 BRs per condition). Scale bars, 50 μM. The data are presented as means ± s.d. and p value were determined via two-sided unpaired t-test. g Heatmap with spline curves fitted to genes differentially expressed across MSC1-S2 to MSC3 (right arrow) and MSC1-S1 to MSC3 (left arrow) pseudotemporal trajectories, grouped by hierarchical clustering (k = 5). Gene co-expression modules (colour) and exemplar genes from main modules are labelled (right). h Flow cytometry showing ICAM1 expression in MSC1 cells after stimulation with IL-6 for 12 h. i Metabolic activity analysis of MSC subpopulations from H-MAT, CD-MAT and CF. The circle size and colour darkness both represent the scaled metabolic score. Source data are provided as a Source data file.