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. 2023 Sep 20;14:5819. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41516-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Total 1,608,540 participants born in South Korea between 2009 and 2015 were included. According to the types of infant feeding, they were categorized in three groups: exclusive breastfeeding, partially breastfeeding, and fully formula feeding. Propensity scores were derived using a multivariable logistic regression model from the predicted probability of exclusively breastfed infants vs. fully formula-fed infants (each n = 600,988).