Table 2.

Differences in cognitive performance stratified by language

Language	Symbol Digit Modalities Test	Category Fluency Test	Stroop Color Naming Test	Stroop Word Reading Test	Stroop Interference Test	Trail Making Test-A	Trail Making Test -B	Letter Fluency Test
English	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
German	− 2.86 [− 3.77, − 2.03]	0.94 [0.45,1.41]	− 3.03 [− 4.22, − 1.85]	2.95 [1.43, 0.37]	− 1.87 [− 2.83, − 0.96]	0.05 [0.02, 0.08]	0.05 [0.01, 0.09]	− 4.19 [− 5.37, − 3.05]
Spanish	− 2.14 [− 3.38, − 0.88]	0.07 [− 0.61,0.75]	− 1.70 [− 3.43, 0.02]	7.28 [5.25, 9.39]	1.25 [− 0.12, 2.61]	0.18 [0.14, 0.23]	0.21 [0.16, 0.26]	− 2.46 [− 4.03, − 0.88]
French	2.46 [− 1.70, 6.59]	1.04 [− 1.13,3.40]	7.97 [2.79, 13.62]	6.97 [− 0.12,14.01]	2.62 [− 1.49, 6.85]	− 0.05 [− 0.20,0.10]	− 0.09 [− 0.26,0.08]	5.09 [0.09, 10.09]
Canadian French	0.39 [− 1.87, 2.64]	− 1.50 [− 2.76, − 0.28]	2.06 [− 1.16, 5.11]	2.14 [− 2.00, 5.69]	− 0.13 [− 2.43, 2.25]	− 0.02 [− 0.11,0.06]	− 0.08 [− 0.17,0.02]	− 0.29 [− 3.27, 2.69]
Dutch	− 0.05 [− 2.84, 2.85]	2.71 [1.18, 4.33]	1.35 [− 2.50, 5.08]	2.97 [− 1.91, 7.37]	2.10 [− 1.10, 4.89]	− 0.10 [− 0.20,0.00]	− 0.11 [− 0.22,0.00]	− 5.06 [− 8.61, − 1.61]
Italian	− 6.29 [− 7.58, − 4.90]	− 0.88 [− 1.65, − 0.11]	− 4.19 [− 6.03, − 2.24]	1.64 [− 0.64, 3.94]	− 1.66 [− 3.15, − 0.14]	0.24 [0.18, 0.29]	0.27 [0.20, 0.33]	− 2.49 [− 4.40, − 0.62]
Latin-America	− 6.57 [− 9.71, − 2.83]	− 2.19 [− 4.20, − 0.13]	− 8.15 [− 12.93, − 3.61]	− 3.91 [− 9.55, 1.97]	− 2.51 [− 6.41, 1.36]	0.41 [0.28, 0.54]	0.44 [0.29, 0.59]	− 0.38 [− 5.14, 4.10]
Polish	− 6.00 [− 7.97, − 4.12]	− 0.17 [− 1.19, 0.93]	− 7.02 [− 9.64, − 4.03]	− 7.80 [− 11.03, − 4.47]	− 4.78 [− 6.85, − 2.66]	0.24 [0.17, 0.31]	0.23 [0.15, 0.31]	1.21 [− 1.13, 3.62]
Danish	0.82 [− 3.39, 5.00]	3.00 [0.73, 5.43]	− 0.83 [− 6.49, 4.91]	− 4.38 [− 11.30, 3.07]	0.26 [− 4.47, 4.77]	− 0.12 [− 0.29,0.03]	− 0.01 [− 0.18,0.17]	3.01 [− 2.25, 8.36]

Values represent posterior means and their 95% posterior probability intervals (PPI, in brackets); posteriors of non-English languages were compared to English as a reference category; consequently, negative values indicate lower score, positive values indicate higher score than the one observed with English speaking participants