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. 2023 Sep 20;219(7):53. doi: 10.1007/s11214-023-00996-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 22 — Example of using the Doppler shift of sub-millimetre spectral lines to determine Jupiter’s stratospheric winds (using ALMA data, Cavalié et al. 2021). The HCN rest frequency is 354.505 GHz (red line), but the observed line is shifted both by the planetary rotation (blue line) and the strong ∼400 m/s westward winds in the south-polar stratosphere (purple line) surrounding regions heated by the Jovian auroras. SWI measurements will use the Doppler shift of several lines to build up a 3D picture of stratospheric winds