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. 2023 Sep 20;13:15559. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42497-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Seasonal variation in metabolic profile and anticancer bioactivity of J. rubens. Aerial (A) and closeup (B) view of J. rubens showing the characteristic dense clusters of branchy segmented cylindered thallus. (C) The cytotoxic activity of J. rubens methanolic extracts from each season toward A549 cells after 48 h incubation was assessed via microscopy imaging of Hoechst and PI staining and statistically analyzed by Wilcoxon test. Each dot represents an average of 3 independent experiments and presented as mean ± SE (*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001). (D) J. rubens seasonal metabolic variation displayed by an NMDS plot, each ellipse represents a hierarchical cluster analysis.