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. 2023 Sep 20;13:15559. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42497-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Consecutive fractions of VLC80. Fractions were tested for cytotoxic bioactivity on A549 cells after 48 h treatment and the most effective fraction underwent additional fractionation. (A) VLC80 was separated into four fractions F1-F4 and F4 showed the highest potency. (B) F4 was separated into three fractions. (C) The three F4-1 fractions were separated into three subfractions. Data were obtained from 3 biological repeats and presented as mean ± SE. Statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey HSD means comparison test (***P < 0.001).