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. 2023 Sep 6;11:1252371. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1252371

Table 1.

Factors associated with smartphone addiction among students of medical faculties: results of univariate logistic regression analysis.

Not addicted
N = 596
N (%)
Addicted N = 165
N (%)
OR (95%CI) p-value
Sex, female 411 (69.0) 110 (66.7) 0.90 (0.62–1.30) 0.575
Age ≤ 21 years 284 (47.7) 74 (44.8) 0.89 (0.63–1.26) 0.523
Year of study ≤3 300 (50.3) 81 (49.1) 0.95 (0.67–1.34) 0.777
GPA ≥ 8.8 246 (51.2) 63 (45.7) 0.80 (0.55–1.17) 0.247
Residence during studies – With parents 244 (40.9) 77 (46.7) 1.26 (0.89–1.78) 0.188
Socio-economic status – Good 356 (59.7) 97 (58.8) 0.96 (0.67–1.37) 0.827
Parents’ marital status – Married 485 (82.3) 139 (86.3) 1.36 (0.82–2.23) 0.231
Smoking 119 (20.0) 32 (19.4) 0.96 (0.62–1.49) 0.870
Alcohol consumption 391 (65.6) 120 (72.7) 1.40 (0.95–2.05) 0.086
Energy drink consumption 227 (38.2) 69 (41.8) 1.16 (0.82–1.66) 0.393
BMI categories
Underweight 55 (9.3) 17 (10.4) 1 (Ref.)
Normal weight 445 (74.9) 122 (74.4) 0.89 (0.49–1.58) 0.685
Overweight 84 (14.1) 23 (14.0) 0.89 (0.43–1.81) 0.739
Obesity 10 (1.7) 2 (1.2) 0.65 (0.13–3.25) 0.597
Physical activity
Low 120 (20.1) 31 (18.8) 1 (Ref.)
Moderate 291 (48.8) 78 (47.3) 1.04 (0.65–1.66) 0.650
High 185 (31.0) 56 (33.9) 1.17 (0.71–1.92) 0.714

X̄, Mean; SD, Standard Deviation; OR, Odds Ratio; 95%CI, 95% Confidence Interval; GPA, Grade Point Average—average grade for students in their 2nd to 6th year of study; p-value for ULRA; BMI, Body Mass Index; The body height or weight data of 3 students was not provided, rendering the calculation of their BMI unfeasible.