Table 2.
Factors associated with smartphone addiction among students of medical faculties: results of univariate* and multivariate** logistic regression analysis.
| Characteristics | Not addicted N = 601 |
Addicted N = 164 |
OR (95%CI)* | p value* | OR (95%CI)** | p value** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time spent on smartphone >4 h/day | 181 (30.4) | 81 (49.1) | 2.21 (1.55–3.13) | <0.001 | 2.39 (1.66–3.43) | <0.001 |
| Sleep quality | ||||||
| Good | 376 (63.1) | 84 (50.9) | 1.65 (1.16–2.33) | 0.005 | ||
| Poor | 220 (36.9) | 81 (49.1) | ||||
| Stress | ||||||
| Normal | 449 (75.3) | 105 (63.6) | 1 (Ref.) | |||
| Mild | 69 (11.6) | 16 (9.7) | 0.99 (0.55–1.78) | 0.977 | ||
| Moderate | 53 (8.9) | 33 (20.0) | 2.66 (1.64–4.32) | <0.001 | ||
| Severe | 19 (3.2) | 9 (5.5) | 2.03 (0.89–4.61) | 0.092 | ||
| Extremely severe | 6 (1.0) | 2 (1.2) | 1.42 (0.28–7.16) | 0.667 | ||
| Increased stress† | 147 (24.7) | 60 (36.4) | 1.75 (1.21–2.52) | 0.003 | ||
| Anxiety | ||||||
| Normal | 408 (68.5) | 85 (51.5) | 1 (Ref.) | |||
| Mild | 47 (7.9) | 17 (10.3) | 1.74 (0.95–3.17) | 0.072 | ||
| Moderate | 83 (13.9) | 29 (17.6) | 1.68 (1.03–2.72) | 0.036 | ||
| Severe | 30 (5.0) | 10 (6.1) | 1.60 (0.75–3.40) | 0.221 | ||
| Extremely severe | 28 (4.7) | 24 (14.5) | 4.11 (2.27–7.45) | <0.001 | ||
| Increased anxiety† | 188 (31.5) | 80 (48.5) | 2.04 (1.44–2.90) | <0.001 | ||
| Depression | ||||||
| Normal | 451 (75.7) | 95 (57.6) | 1 (Ref.) | |||
| Mild | 59 (9.9) | 26 (15.8) | 2.09 (1.25–3.49) | 0.005 | ||
| Moderate | 48 (8.1) | 26 (15.8) | 2.57 (1.52–4.35) | <0.001 | ||
| Severe | 22 (3.7) | 9 (5.5) | 1.94 (0.86–4.35) | 0.107 | ||
| Extremely severe | 16 (2.7) | 9 (5.5) | 2.67 (1.14–6.22) | 0.023 | ||
| Increased depression† | 145 (24.3) | 70 (42.4) | 2.29 (1.59–3.29) | <0.001 | 2.51 (1.73–3.63) | <0.001 |
OR, Odds Ratio; 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval; *p value for ULRA; **p value for MLRA. Bold values indicate statistical significance. † dichotomous variables (normal vs. increased).