Table 1.
List of studies associated with the development of anti-fungal vaccines.
| Fungal disease |
Antigen | Type of vaccine | Status | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidiasis | Als3p Als1p | Recombinant | Phase I | (Pappagianis, 1993; Spellberg et al., 2006; Lin et al., 2009; Baquir et al., 2010; Schmidt et al., 2012; Ibrahim et al., 2013; Singh et al., 2019) |
| SAP2 | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Sandini et al., 2011; De Bernardis et al., 2012) | |
| Secreted aspartyl proteinase protein, Sap2p PEV-7 | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Sandini et al., 2011) | |
| Tet-NRG1 (C. albicans strain) | Genetically engineered/Live attenuated | Pre-clinical | (Martínez-López et al., 2008; Saville et al., 2009) | |
| C. albicans PCA-2 strain | Live-attenuated | Pre-clinical | (Bistoni et al., 1986) | |
| Cell wall surface proteins (CWSP) | Subunit | Pre-clinical | (Carneiro et al., 2016) | |
| C. albicans Mannan extracts | Conjugate | Pre-clinical | (Han et al., 1999) | |
| Laminarin (Lam) β-glucan | Conjugate | Pre-clinical | (Han et al., 1999; Chiani et al., 2009; Torosantucci et al., 2009; Bromuro et al., 2010; Pietrella et al., 2010) | |
| B-1,2 mannan and (rAls1p-N) | Conjugate | Pre-clinical | (Liao et al., 2019) | |
| C. dubliniensis mannan/Human serum albumin (HSA) | Conjugate | Pre-clinical | (Paulovičová et al., 2007) | |
| Fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba) (cytosolic and cell wall peptides) | Subunit | Pre-clinical | (Cutler et al., 2011) (Xin and Cutler, 2011) | |
| C. albicans serotypes a and b ribosomes | Recombinant/Conjugate capsule | phase II | (Levy et al., 1989) | |
| Heat-killed C. albicans (HK-CA) | Subunit/ Conjugate |
Pre-clinical | (Cárdenas-Freytag et al., 1999) | |
| Glycolytic enzyme enolase | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Qing Li et al., 2011) | |
| 65 kDa mannoprotein (Camp65p) | Subunit/ Conjugate |
Pre-clinical | (Sandini et al., 2007) | |
| C. albicans cell surface protein Hyr1 | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Luo et al., 2011) | |
| C. glabrata secreted proteins | Secreted proteins | Pre-clinical | (Kamli et al., 2022) | |
| C. albicans cells | Heat-inactivated whole cells | Pre-clinical | (Martin-Cruz et al., 2021) | |
| Combining β-mannan and peptide epitopes | Subunit/ Conjugate |
Pre-clinical | (Xin et al., 2008) | |
| Aspergillosis | Aspergillus fumigatus crude culture filtrate Ags | Sonicate and filtrate Ags | Pre-clinical | (Cenci et al., 2000) |
| Asp f3 | Subunit/recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Diaz-Arevalo et al., 2011) | |
| Aspergillus fumigatus viable conidia | Sonicate and filtrate Ags | Pre-clinical | (Ito and Lyons, 2002) | |
| Aspergillus fumigatus hyphal sonicate (HS) | Recombinan | Pre-clinical | (Ito et al., 2006) | |
| Heat killed yeast (HKY) of S. cerevisiae | Live-attenuated | Pre-clinical | (Clemons et al., 2014a; Clemons et al., 2014b) | |
| A. fumigatus epitope p41 from the cell wall glucanase (Crf1) | Subunit | Pre-clinical | (Stuehler et al., 2011) | |
| Asp 16 f | Recombinant/Subunit | Pre-clinical | (Bozza et al., 2002) | |
| Asp 3 f | Recombinant/Subunit | Pre-clinical | (Ito et al., 2006) | |
| Proteins: Gel1p, Crf1p, Pep1p, Cat1p, Sod1p, Dpp5p, RNUp, Mep1p, Polysaccharides: _1–3 glucan, _1–3 glucan, GM, Glycolipids: GSL, LGM | Recombinant/Subunit | Pre-clinical | (Bozza et al., 2009) | |
| Pan fungal | β-glucans of S. cerevisiae | Heat Killed Yeast (HKY) | Pre-clinical | (Liu et al., 2011) |
| Blastomycosis | Adhesin BAD1 gene | Whole organism/Live-attenuated | Pre-clinical | (Wüthrich et al., 2003) |
| Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) | (PCM) gp 43 (P10) | DNA vaccine (pcDNA3-P10) | Pre-clinical | (Pinto et al., 2000; De Amorim et al., 2013) |
| (PCM) gp 43 (P10) | Recombinant protein | Pre-clinical | (Assis-Marques et al., 2015) | |
| P10- FliC fusion protein | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Braga et al., 2009) | |
| rPb27 | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Fernandes et al., 2011) | |
| Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (De Bastos Ascenço Soares et al., 2008) | |
| Mycobacterium leprae derived HSP65 | Recombinant DNA | Pre-clinical | (Ribeiro et al., 2010) | |
| Cryptococcosis | GXM | Conjugate/Soluble antigenic fractions | Pre-clinical | (Devi, 1996) |
| GalXM | Subunit/Conjugate | Pre-clinical | (Chow and Casadevall, 2011) | |
| C. neoformans strain H99γ (serotype A, Matα) | Live-attenuated | Pre-clinical | (Wozniak et al., 2011) | |
| Mutant C. neoformans strain lacking the enzyme sterylglucosidase 1 named (Δsgl1) | Live- attenuated- recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Rella et al., 2015) | |
| CneF (culture filtrate Ags), Mannoprotein | Subunit/Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Specht et al., 2007) | |
| GXM | GXM–protein conjugate | Pre-clinical | (Oscarson et al., 2005) | |
| P13 (a peptide mimetic of GXM) | Conjugated | Pre-clinical | (Zhang et al., 1997; Fleuridor et al., 2001; Pirofski, 2001; Beenhouwer et al., 2002; Maitta et al., 2004; Datta et al., 2008) | |
| Cryptococcus neoformans fbp1Δ | Heat-Killed cells | Pre-clinical | (Wang et al., 2019) | |
| Laminaran | Subunit (algal β glucan based) | Pre-clinical | (Rachini et al., 2007) | |
| Pneumocystis pneumonia | Kexin genes | Kexin-CD40 L DNA vaccine | Pre-clinical | (Zheng et al., 2005) |
| P55 protein (major surface glycoprotein) | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Feng et al., 2011) | |
| Major surface glycoprotein (also known as gp120) | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Theus et al., 1998) | |
| Histoplasmosis | Water-soluble ethylenediamine extract from cell wall | Inactivatedfiltrated Ags/Soluble antigenic fractions | Pre-clinical | (Garcia and Howard, 1971) |
| Ribosomes or live yeast cells of H. capsulatum | Live-attenuated | Pre-clinical | (Tewari et al., 1977) | |
| Cell wall and cell membrane of yeast-phase H. capsulatum G217B | Live-attenuated | Pre-clinical | (Gomez et al., 1991) | |
| Histone H2B–like protein | Live-attenuated/Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Nosanchuk et al., 2003) | |
| Heat Shock Protein 60 (HSP-60) | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Deepe et al., 2002; Scheckelhoff and Deepe, 2002) | |
| HIS-62 | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Gomez et al., 1991) | |
| 80-kilodalton antigen | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Gomez et al., 1992) | |
| Sec31 homologue | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Scheckelhoff and Deepe, 2006) | |
| H antigen (H. capsulatom) | Recombinant antigen | Pre-clinical | (Deepe and Gibbons, 2001) | |
| Coccidioidomycosis | Killed spheroles | Whole organism/Inactivated | Phase III | (Pappagianis, 1993) |
| C. immitis spherule-phase genes | DNA | Pre-clinical | (Ivey et al., 2003) (Zheng et al., 2005) | |
| T-cell epitopes Antigen 2/proline rich Ag (Ag2/PRA)/Chimeric polyprotein | Recombinant protein | Pre-clinical | (Abuodeh et al., 1999) (Shubitz et al., 2006) (Tarcha et al., 2006) | |
| Attenuated mutant (ΔT vaccine strain) | Live-attenuated | Pre-clinical | (Hung et al., 2011) | |
| Immunodominant T cell epitopes | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Hurtgen et al., 2012) | |
| C. posadasii Gel-1 (β 1,3 glucosyltransferase) | Recombinant protein | Pre-clinical | (Delgado et al., 2003) | |
| Urease (rURE) | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Li et al., 2001) | |
| Spherule phase of C. posadasii Peroxisomal matrix protein (Pmp1) | Recombinant | Pre-clinical | (Orsborn et al., 2006) | |
| Chimeric protein-aspartyl proteinase, phospholipase B and α mannosidase | Recombinant protein | Pre-clinical | (Tarcha et al., 2006) |