Table 3.

Summary of studies on biosensors for the detection of antibiotics in clinical or bacterial samples.

Authors and year of publications	Country	Type of sensor	Transduction systems	Sample	Target	Parameters
Rowe et al., 2010	USA	Electrochemical, ribonucleic acid aptamer-based biosensor	Electrochemical	Blood serum samples	To measure the concentrations of aminoglycoside antibiotics in human serum	Aminoglycoside concentrations range = 4–10 μg/ mL
Song et al., 2013	New Zealand	Genetically modified E. coli biosensor	Electrochemical	E. coli culture	To detect tetracycline using the bacterial respiratory gene, nuoA, as a reporter gene	LoD = 0.0028 μg ml−1
Tsang et al., 2014	China	Biosensor based on a fluorescein-labelled class C β-lactamase mutant	Optical	Bacterial culture	To develop a biosensor for the detection of cephalosporins and class C β-lactamase inhibitors	NA
Kling et al., 2016	Germany	Electrochemical microfluidic platform	Electrochemical	Plasma samples	To develop a platform useful for the surveillance and monitoring of antibiotics (tetracycline and streptogramin)	LoD = 6.33 and 9.22 ng mL−1 for tetracycline and pristinamycin, respectively
Yadav et al., 2020	India	Label-free amperometric biosensor	Electrochemical	Urine samples	To design a biosensor for detection of norfloxacin (NF) in human urine samples	LoD = 3.87 pM