Table 4.

Summary of studies on biosensors for the detection of antibiotics in environmental samples.

Authors and year of publications	Country	Type of sensor	Transduction systems	Sample	Target	Parameters
Hansen et al., 2002	Denmark	E. coli whole-cell biosensor	Optical	Pig feces	To detect the concentration of chlortetracycline (CTC) and their correlation with tetracycline resistant bacteria	LoD = 0.03 mg/kg CTC
Weber et al., 2004	Switzerland	Biosensor based on proteins of prokaryotic origin	Optical	Milk and cow serum samples	To engineer prokaryotic antibiotic response regulators into a molecular biosensor configuration able to detect tetracycline, streptogramin, and macrolide antibiotics	LoD = 0.1–7.2 ng/mL, 2.7–70 ng/mL, and 1.7–5,000 ng/mL for tetracycline, streptogramin, and macrolide antibiotics, respectively
Caldow et al., 2005	UK	Optical SPR-based biosensor	Optical	Honey samples	To develop and validate an optical SPR-based biosensor for the detection of tylosin residues in honey	LoD = 0.5 μg kg−1
Link et al., 2006	Switzerland	Generic dipstick-based sensor	Optical	Serum, meat, and milk samples	To design an easy-to-handle dipstick-based assay for detection of antibiotic levels in serum, meat, and milk	LoDs = up to 40-fold below licensed threshold values in serum, meat, and milk
Lai et al., 2021	Australia	Biochemiresistor	Electrochemical	Milk samples	To develop a new type of biosensor for the detection of enrofloxacin	LoD = 2.8 pM
Cheng et al., 2014	China	Bioluminescent-bacteria-based assay	Optical	Milk samples; fish muscle; muscles, livers, and kidneys of cattle, chickens, and pig	To construct the E. coli pK12 harboring plasmid pRecAlux3 and develop a bioluminescent-bacteria-based assay for the detection of FQNs in animal-derived foods	LoD = 12.5–100 μg kg−1
Wang et al., 2016	China	Electrochemical aptasensor	Electrochemical	Milk samples	To design an electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of antibiotic residues based on target-induced and T7 exonuclease-assisted dual recycling signal amplification strategy	LoD = 4.0pM for ampicillin
Duyen et al., 2016	Japan	Colorimetric paper-based biosensor	Optical	Water samples	To develop a biosensor for the detection of antibiotics inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, including aminoglycosides, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and macrolides	LoDs = 0.5, 2.1, 0.8, and 6.1 μg/mL for paromomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin, respectively
Kao et al., 2017	Taiwan	Live bacterial sensor strains integrated into a CCD-based lens-free optical analyzer (LumiSense)	Optical	Milk, egg white, and chicken essence, egg yolk samples	To detect antibiotic residues in food samples based on luminescence induction	LoDs = 8 ng/mL for milk, egg white, and chicken essence, and 64 ng/mL for egg yolk
Altintas et al., 2018	Germany	Nano MIP-SPR sensor	Optical	Milk samples	To extend the applications of nanoMIPs in food samples analysis to determine the presence of glycopeptide antibiotics in milk	LoDs = 4.1 ng mL−1 and 17.7 ng mL−1 using direct and competitive assays, respectively
Li et al., 2019	USA	Electrochemical biosensor based on hybrid nanowire/nanoparticle array	Electrochemical	Meat samples	To develop a biosensor for the simultaneously detection of penicillin and tetracycline and to validate it with real sample tests	LoDs = 10.5 μM for penicillin and 15.2 μM for tetracycline
Stevenson et al., 2019	USA	Affinity-based electrochemical biosensor	Electrochemical	Meat samples	To develop a biosensor for the detection of ceftiofur residues in meat samples	LoD = 0.01 ng/mL
Mohammad-Razdari et al., 2019	Iran	Pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for ultrasensitive detection of Penicillin G (PEN)	Electrochemical	Milk samples	To determine PEN in spiked milk from cow, sheep, goat, and water buffalo	LoD = up to 0.8 fM
Yazgan Karacaglar et al., 2020	Germany	Green fluorescence protein (GFP)-based bioassay	Optical	Milk samples	To develop a novel whole-cell based bioassay to be used for detection of some antibiotics	LoDs = 3.33, 0.29, 28.00, 618.36, and 33.17 μg/L for ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, gentamicin, neomycin, and tetracycline, respectively
Chinnappan et al., 2019	Saudi Arabia	Highly sensitive square wave voltammetry (SWV)-based sensor	Electrochemical	Water samples	To develop a voltametric aptasensor for the detection of azlocillin antibiotic	LoD = 1.2 pg./mL
Nag et al., 2021	India	Optical enzymatic biosensor	Optical	Milk, meat, and water samples	To develop and test a biosensor for the detection of β-Lactam Antibiotics in Food and Environment	LoDs = 0.18 nM in milk, 9 nM in chicken, and 0.18 nM in water
Liu et al., 2020	China	Aptamer modified SnO2/Bi2S3-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor	Electrochemical	Milk samples	To develop a sensor for the detection of tobramycin (TOB) in milk	LoD = 4.28 nmol/L
Du et al., 2021	China	Lateral flow aptasensor	Optical	Water samples	To prepare DNA aptamer and develop lateral flow aptasensor combining recombinase polymerase amplification for the detection of erythromycin	LoD = 3.0 pM