Figure 1.

Circulating biomarkers of intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation and inflammation in the study participants. Plasma levels of anti-β-LGB (A), ZO-1 (B), LPS (C), sCD14 (D), and IL-1β (E) in patients with FM (n = 22), ME/CFS (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 26). Each dot denotes a single participant. Values are shown as mean ± SEM of duplicates and are representative of two independent experiments. The box extends from the 25^th to 75^th percentiles, the line represents the mean, and the whiskers indicate the range of minimum and maximum values. Significance at **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001 was calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis signed-rank test on normalized data. Anti-β-LGB, anti-beta-lactoglobulin antibodies; ZO-1, zonulin-1; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; sCD14, soluble CD14; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta. n.s., not significant