Table 1.

Social determinants and Government Policies: The Indian Perspective.

Social determinants	Government policies	Comments
Universal Health Coverage and Chronic Kidney Disease	Financial Protection to patients with CKD (Government of Andhra Pradesh) (98) The National Dialysis Programme (2016) (99)	Financial support to CKD patients is miniscule as renal replacement therapy is prohibitively expensive. The Indian Government is committed to start an eight -station dialysis unit in each of the 688 districts offering free hemodialysis. The programme has been extended to include peritoneal dialysis.
Gender Equality	The government of India has many departments and policies for women 1.Ministry of Women and Children 2.National Policy for the Empowerment of Women 3.National Commission for Women.	These governmental bodies enact various laws including the medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) act (100) and the pre-conception and pre-natal diagnostic techniques (PCPNDT) act (101). Some of these initiatives have made an impact on kidney health (53). Despite policies, the gender gap in India is widening.
Environmental determinants (Sanitation,Water)	National Sanitation Policy (102) National Flourosis Mitigation Programs (103)	Various community participatory initiatives in urban sanitation are slowly showing theirs benefit. The national programme has reduced the incidence of fluorosis.Reduction in the fluoride content of water has led to reduction in CKD incidence in certain parts of the country.
Climate Change	The Government of India has a strong focus on climate change and runs many programs (104). These include- 1.National Solar Mission National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency National Mission on Sustainable Habitat National Water Mission Green India Mission etc.	These programs are in their formative years and it is hoped that there will be a positive impact on the climate and consequently on kidney health.