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. 2023 Sep 7;11:1271489. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1271489

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Copyright © 2023 Zhao, Yang, Jiao, Wang, Zhao and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Research progress of exosomes in chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis: (A) transmission electron microscopy images showed exosomes purified from nasal mucus (i) and negative controls (ii), immunolabeling of exosome marker CD63 (iii), and P-gp (iv) localization on exosome membranes. (B) The concentration of P-gp per exosome was significantly higher in patients with CRSwNP compared to the control group. (C) Time-lapse fluorescent images showed rapid absorption of labeled exosomal proteins and RNA within 10 min after exposure to purified exosomes. Reproduced with permission from Nocera et al. (2017). (D) LncGAS5 was upregulated in both exosomes of AR mucosa (AR-EXO) and OVA-treated RPMI 2650 cells (OVA-EXO) (E). (F) LncGAS5 in OVA-EXO suppresses Th1 differentiation via regulating EZH2 and T-bet. (G) LncGAS5 in OVA-EXO promotes Th2 differentiation via regulating EZH2 and T-bet. Reproduced with permission from Zhu et al. (2020).