Summary of methodology. A: Long-coupled PVC (330 ms), short-coupled PVC (220 ms), and sham groups (No PVC). B: Assessments for 12-week study including echocardiographic study (ECHO), hemodynamics, and atrioventricular (AV) dissociation (AVD). AVD was determined as early or late if the P wave fell within the early (light green) or late (dark green) window, respectively. LV = left ventricle; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; PVC = premature ventricular contraction.