Table 1.

Role of metformin in multiple sclerosis (MS)

Study type	Findings	References
An experimental study	Metformin 100 mg/kg/day attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice by down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)), cell adhesion molecules, and chemokine	Nath et al. [125]
An experimental study	Metformin 100 mg/kg/day in mice reduced Th17 and increased Treg cell percentages along with the levels of associated cytokines in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis	Sun et al. [126]
A case control study	Metformin 850–1500 mg/day has anti-inflammatory effects in patients with MS by increasig in the number and regulatory functions of regulatory T cells compared with controls	Negrotto et al. [127]
A placebo-controlled clinical trial	Metformin 850 mg/twice daily improves fibrinolysis in obese patients	Charles et al. [144]
An experimental study	Metformin therapy 100 mg/kg/day significantly alleviated reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis	Abdi et al. [145]