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. 2023 Sep 21;13:15731. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42485-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterization of exosomes. (A) A flowchart indicated NSC-exos were separated using centrifugation and characterized for protein expression using WB, size distribution using NTA, and quantification using EXOCET. (B) Protein expression was measured using WB for exosome marker CD63 in control, only cell-free media, and in separated NSC-exos. GAPDH was used as an internal control. (C) Exosomes were quantified using an EXOCET assay in control (unprocessed cell-conditioned media), NSC-exos, and negative control. (D) Concentration of separated exosomes was measured using NTA. The highest peak was observed at 105 nm. (E) Morphology of separated exosomes was visualized using AFM. The circular morphology was easily observed.