Table 2.
Evidence of ferroptosis in experimental disease models
| Type of disease | Disease | Indicator | Method | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer | HCC | Gpx4 and 4-HNE staining | IHC staining | 215 |
| Breast cancer | Expression of Slc7a11 and 4-HNE | IHC staining | 357 | |
| Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | Expression of 4-HNE and Tfr |
Western blot; IHC staining IHC staining |
358 | |
| Neuroblastoma | mRNA expression of Chac1 and Tfr | Real-time PCR | 359 | |
| Neurodegenerative diseases | Alzheimer’s disease | Ultrastructure of neuron mitochondria; Ptgs2, Nrf2, Gpx4, Ho-1, and Nqo1 expression | TEM; western blot | 360 |
| Parkinson’s disease | Morphology of mitochondria; Gpx4 and Fth1 expression | TEM; western blot | 361 | |
| Huntington’s disease | 4-HNE adducts in the striatum | Immunofluorescence; confocal microscopy | 56 | |
| Cardiovascular disease | Atherosclerosis | Iron level; Slc7a11 and Gpx4 expression; GSH, NADPH, LPO and MDA levels; Fth, Hmox1 expression | Biochemistry; western blot; real-time PCR; immunofluorescence; IHC staining | 92,362 |
| Intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke | MDA level | Immunofluorescence staining | 363 | |
| Tissue and organ injury | Acute kidney injury | GSH and MDA levels; Gpx4 expression | Biochemistry; real-time PCR; western blot | 364 |
|
Doxorubicin- induced cardiomyopathy |
MDA level; Gpx4 expression; 4-HNE staining | Biochemistry; western blot; IHC staining | 3,365 | |
| I/R-induced cardiomyopathy | Gpx4 expression; 4-HNE staining | Western blot; IHC staining | 3,366 | |
| Ischemic stroke | Acsl4, Slc7a11 and Gpx4 expression; MDA level | Real-time PCR; biochemistry | 72 | |
| Alcoholic liver | Lipid peroxides; Slc7a11 and Gpx4 expression | Biochemistry; real-time PCR | 78 | |
| NASH | Lipid ROS accumulation; morphological of mitochondria; iron accumulation | Biochemistry; TEM | 79 | |
| Liver fibrosis | 4-HNE staining; MDA level | IHC staining; biochemistry | 23 | |
| Ulcerative colitis | Iron and MDA level, mitochondrial structure; expression of Fth1, Gpx4 | Biochemistry; TEM; Western blot | 355 | |
| Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome | MDA levels in multiple organs | Biochemistry | 83 | |
| Inflammatory and infectious diseases | Systemic lupus erythematosus | Neutrophil viability; lipid-ROS in neutrophil | Flow cytometry | 88 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Lipid peroxidation; 4-HNE staining | IHC staining | 356 | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Gpx4 and Slc7a11 expression; lipid peroxidation | Real-time PCR; flow cytometry | 90 |
Abbreviations: 4-HNE 4-hydroxynonenal; Acsl4 acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4; Chac1 ChaC glutathione specific gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 1; Fth ferritin heavy chain; Gpx4 glutathione peroxidase 4; GSH glutathione; HCC hepatocellular carcinoma; Hmox1 Heme-oxygenase 1; IHC immunohistochemical; I/R: ischemia/reperfusion; LPO lipid peroxide; MDA malondialdehyde; NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; Nqo1 quinone oxidoreductase-1; Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; Ptgs2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2; ROS reactive oxygen species; Slc solute carrier family; TEM transmission electron microscope; Tfr transferrin receptor