TABLE 2.
Immunomodulatory non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in cancer patients treated with immunotherapy.
| Cancer type | ncRNA | Immunomodulatory impact in tumour | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Melanoma | miR‐211 | Increases the sensitivity of tumour to the treatment and enhances immune cell response in patients treated with BRAF inhibitors | 96 , 98 |
| Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | Exos‐miR‐203 | Modulates active functions of DCs by downregulating TNF, TLR4 and IL‐12 | 100 |
| HCC | circMET (hsa_circ_0082002) | Drives immunosuppression by inducing resistance to anti‐PD‐1 antibodies through downregulating the expression of miR‐30‐5p | 102 |
| NSCLC | circ_CELF1 | Induces immunomodulatory and oncogenic effects by inducing the immunosuppression and resistance to anti‐PD‐1 antibodies. | 105 |
| circFGFR1 | Targets the expression of miR‐381‐3p leading to induce anti‐tumour immunotherapy resistance by upregulating the expression of CXCR4 | 55 , 107 |
Abbreviations: CXCR4, chemokine receptor 4; DC, dendritic cell; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IL, interleukin; TLR4, Toll‐like receptor 4; NSCLC, non‐small cell lung carcinoma; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.