TABLE 5.
Recent application of 3D/4D bioprinting in tracheal reconstructions.
| Anatomic region | 3D bioprinting techniques | Polymeric materials used | Cell source | Animal model used in assessment | Implant position in human | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trachea | - | polylactic acid | Chondrocytes | Rabbit | Trachea | Goldstein et al. (2015) |
| Trachea | - | polyurethane | Chondrocytes | Rabbit | Trachea | Jung et al. (2016) |
| Trachea | Extrusion-based Bioprinting | PCL and alginate | Nasal epithelial cells and auricular chondrocytes | Rabbit | Trachea | Park et al. (2019) |
| Trachea | Extrusion-based bioprinting | poly (l-lactic acid) | Rabbit auricular chondrocytes | Rabbit | Trachea | Gao et al. (2019) |
| Trachea | Stereolithography | Polycaprolactone | Human mesenchymal stem cells | Pig | Trachea | El-Husseiny et al. (2022) |
| Trachea | Digital light processing | Silk fibroin | Rabbit chondrocytes and TBSCs | Rabbit | Trachea | Rehmani et al. (2017) |
| Trachea | Electrospinning technology | Polycaprolactone | iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells, iPSC-derived chondrocytes, and human bronchial epithelial cells | Rabbit | Trachea | Kim et al. (2020a) |